pulmonary edema and covid vaccine

Infect. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3, Shi, Z., Ye, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Yu, D., Yu, H., et al. Nature 590, 635641. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), present in human lungs, kidneys and other organs, plays a vital role in lung fluid clearance (Figure 4 Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema) (Matthay et al., 2002). Pharmacol. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Accessibility Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients with Severe and Life-Threatening COVID-19. Treatment of 5 Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 with Convalescent Plasma. (2020). doi:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2514, Chow, Y.-H., Wang, Y., Plumb, J., O'Brodovich, H., and Hu, J. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. An official website of the United States government. FIGURE 2. Moreover, other drugs which can regulate immune system like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may also show effects in treating SARS-COV-2-induced pulmonary edema and their effectiveness in treating SARS-COV-2 infections should be further investigated. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01210.2001, McCreary, E. K., and Pogue, J. M. (2020). Dis. Sci. 10.1101/2020.02.13.20022673 The University of Connecticut Foundation, Inc. Office of Development and Alumni Relations 10 Talcott Notch Road Suite 100 Farmington, CT 06032 Studies showed that ENaC activators or stimulators can regulate ENaC-dependent fluid absorption in alveolar and pulmonary edema (Fronius, 2013). N. Engl. 2020 Jul;57:102833. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102833. Aspirin is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain from conditions such as muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches.It may also be used to reduce pain and swelling in conditions such as arthritis.Aspirin is known as a salicylate and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ().It works by blocking a certain natural substance in your body to reduce pain and swelling. doi:10.1182/blood.2020006000, Couto, M., de Diego, A., Perpii, M., Delgado, L., and Moreira, A. Pharmacol. (2014). Here, we describe molecular mechanisms of PFC and propose that proteins functioning in this process might serve as an underappreciated, but yet promising targets for reducing lung edema in severe COVID-19 patients. Studies have confirmed that selective TRPV4 activation induces rapid loss of alveolo-capillary barrier function and consequent alveolar edema formation (Alvarez et al., 2006). doi:10.1001/jama.249.2.237, Matalon, S. (1999). The condition presents itself as a slowly evolving pneumonia with insidious early onset interstitial pulmonary edema that undergoes acute exacerbation in the late stages and alveolar edema (Xu et al., 2020; Wiersinga et al., 2020). Phytomedicine 85, 153315. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153315, Zhou, Z., Wang, S.-Q., Liu, Y., and Miao, A.-D. (2006). Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. 275(3), L631L635. Limmer A, Engler A, Kattner S, Gregorius J, Pattberg KT, Schulz R, Schwab J, Roth J, Vogl T, Krawczyk A, Witzke O, Zelinskyy G, Dittmer U, Brenner T, Berger MM. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00373.2014, Hu, F., Chen, J., Chen, H., Zhu, J., Wang, C., Ni, H. B., et al. Med. (2020). Inhibiting these TRPs may benefit the treatment of pulmonary edema. Therefore, the S protein determines the host cell of the virus, regulates the viral attachment and fusion with the host cell membrane, and promotes cellular invasion. Blood 135 (23), 20332040. Front. Repurposing of Clinically Approved Drugs for Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a 2019-novel Coronavirus-Related Coronavirus Model. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. (2020b). SODIUM CHANNELS IN ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS: Molecular Characterization, Biophysical Properties, and Physiological Significance. Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection J Med Virol. Ann. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. 11. 288 (2), 192206. TABLE 1. K+ Channels Regulate ENaC Expression via Changes in Promoter Activity and Control Fluid Clearance in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. We identified pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and pericardial effusion. Rev. CD44-dependent Intracellular and Extracellular Catabolism of Hyaluronic Acid by Hyaluronidase-1 and -2. Am. Convalescent plasma have been initially shown to be beneficial for COVID-19 patients with severe infection stabilizing the immune system (Shen et al., 2020), but the subsequent randomized controlled trial did not show significant improvement within 28days (Li et al., 2020). SARS-CoV-2 Infects Human Engineered Heart Tissues and Models COVID-19 Myocarditis. Ther. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. The combination of the two can lead to pneumonia and other serious respiratory illnesses. The toad venom injection can significantly improve the pulmonary function of COVID-19 patients by regulating PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index and thus alleviate pulmonary edema. Pharmacol. Am. -, Achanta S., Jordt S. E. (2020). Res. J. Respir. COVID19 Diagnosis and Management: a Comprehensive Review. The activation of -adrenergic receptor, especially 2 (Mutlu et al., 2004), was found to stimulate Na+ and fluid reabsorption. (1998). Clin. Chem. (1997). (2021). doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.02.025, Bartoszewski, R., Matalon, S., and Collawn, J. F. (2017). FIGURE 1. We observed a case of a delayed local reaction in a 38-year-old woman who had received the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Copyright 2021 Cui, Chen, Zhou, Gong, Zhu, Lv, Guo, Duan, Zhou, Marcon and Ma. Am. Breathtaking TRP Channels: TRPA1 and TRPV1 in Airway Chemosensation and Reflex Control. (2020a). Am. doi:10.1101/2020.04.24.2007787510.1002/cpt.2047, Yan, R., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xia, L., Guo, Y., and Zhou, Q. Role of Drugs Used for Chronic Disease Management on Susceptibility and Severity of COVID19: A Large CaseControl Study. Glucocorticoids were shown to have the ability of inducing de novo synthesis of ENaC (Chow et al., 1999; Otulakowski et al., 1999; Sayegh et al., 1999) and affecting ENaC regulatory pathway via serum and glucocorticoids-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1) (Chen et al., 1999; de la Rosa et al., 1999; Itani et al., 2001; Zhang et al., 2007). The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the ENaC located in the airway apical membranes and alveolar epithelial cells are essential in regulating lung fluid balance across airway as the chloride (Cl) and bicarbonate (HCO3) secretion conduits, and alveolar epithelia by sodium (Na+) ion absorption (Matalon, 1999; Birket et al., 2016; Londino et al., 2017). All authors contributed to manuscript revision, read, and approved the submitted version. Annu. Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Epithelial Sodium Channel Regulated by Aldosterone-Induced Protein Sgk. Struct. The Lancet 395 (10223), 497506. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032, Guo, Y.-R., Cao, Q.-D., Hong, Z.-S., Tan, Y.-Y., Chen, S.-D., Jin, H.-J., et al. Res. It's normal to experience side effects after a vaccine. 8600 Rockville Pike Br. Sci. Moreover, it has been revealed that exosomes derived from human adipocyte can inhibit TRPV4-mediated calcium influx and thus protect mice against ventilator-induced lung injury (Yu et al., 2020). (1977). Chem. Ion Channels of the Lung and Their Role in Disease Pathogenesis. The abnormal expression of AQP is closely related to the abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism and the subsequent pulmonary fibrosis of COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 and its Implications for Thrombosis and Anticoagulation. Virol. 104, 81125. The spike (S) protein of coronavirus, one of the surface glycoproteins, is divided into two functional units, S1 and S2. Cells 7 (8), 98. doi:10.3390/cells7080098, Stone, J. H., Frigault, M. J., Serling-Boyd, N. J., Fernandes, A. D., Harvey, L., Foulkes, A. S., et al. doi:10.1038/s12276-018-0075-4, Zwaveling, S., Gerth van Wijk, R., and Karim, F. (2020). Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Bookshelf doi:10.1007/s43440-020-00132-z, Runfeng, L., Yunlong, H., Jicheng, H., Weiqi, P., Qinhai, M., Yongxia, S., et al. Natl. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.18.12431, Schlagenhauf, P., Grobusch, M. P., Maier, J. D., and Gautret, P. (2020). Is Amiloride a Promising Cardiovascular Medication to Persist in the COVID-19 Crisis?. Physiol. Adipose-derived Exosomes Protect the Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting the TRPV4/Ca2+ Signaling Pathway. Phytomedicine 85, 153282. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153282, Ma, Q., Pan, W., Li, R., Liu, B., Li, C., Xie, Y., et al. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27408 Abstract Myocarditis is one of the complications reported with COVID-19 vaccines, particularly both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. Mol. Jiangsu Qing Lan Project for Young Academic Leaders of China. However, so far, no effective inhibitors have been developed against HAS2. 57 (3), 262265. Med. Pharmacol. 158, 104850. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104850, Ma, Q., Qiu, M., Zhou, H., Chen, J., Yang, X., Deng, Z., et al. Viruses 4 (4), 557580. Circuits between Infected Macrophages and T Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia. The general regulation approaches of AFC. Care Med. doi:10.1177/0004563220922255, Liu, Y., Huang, F., Xu, J., Yang, P., Qin, Y., Cao, M., et al. Artif Intell Med. Immune responses to COVID-19 vaccinations may trigger acute exacerbations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis among susceptible patients, according to data published in the American Journal of. (2014). doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.003, Solymosi, E. A., Kaestle-Gembardt, S. M., Vadasz, I., Wang, L., Neye, N., Chupin, C. J. Other therapeutic options including organ support, glucocorticoid therapy, nutritional support have been applied to COVID-19 clinical treatment without much knowledge of their efficacy. Physiol. Potassium channels are usually involved in maintaining the reabsorption of Na+ and the steady state of electrochemical gradient, ions and body fluids in airway epithelial cells specifically. (2014). Virol. Am. IL6 monoclonal antibody or tocilizumab was thought to work by interrupting inflammatory storm after the infection, but the latest clinical study published in NEJM showed that Tocilizumab was not effective in preventing intubation or death in mild hospitalized COVID-19 patients (Stone et al., 2020). Extensive studies have been conducted to identify the antiviral and pulmonary edema reducing efficacy of natural compounds, some of which have already been tested specifically against SARS-CoV and SARS-COV-2. (2010). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. JAMA 324 (8), 782793. doi:10.1074/jbc.M608358200, Harmer, D., Gilbert, M., and Borman, R. (2002). With treatment, most people with this type of pulmonary edema recover in about 24 hours. Glucocorticoid-stimulated Lung Epithelial Na(+) Transport Is Associated with Regulated ENaC and Sgk1 Expression. Fedratinib, an FDA approved JAK2 inhibitor, may be used to reduce the mortality associated with hyperinflammation by suppressing the production of several Th17 cytokines (i.e., IL1b and TNF-alpha, IL21, IL22, IL17) and the formation of pulmonary edema in combination with anti-viral drugs (Yang et al., 2020e). Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! China Life Sci. Pulmonary edema is the disequilibrium between formation and reflux of lung tissue fluid leading to the absorption of massive tissue fluid by lung lymph and vein failure. Moreover, the peripheral blood mononuclear lymphocyte of COVID-19 patients was also greatly improved, from 0.91 0.54 to 1.24 0.67 after being treated for a week, while there was no obvious change in control group (Hu et al., 2020). [Med. Some people experience no side effects after vaccination while many will experience mild side effects, such as pain, swelling at the injection site, a headache, chills or a fever. Cryptotanshinone Inhibits Endothelin-1 Expression and Stimulates Nitric Oxide Production in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. doi:10.1152/physrev.1974.54.3.678, Steinritz, D., Stenger, B., Dietrich, A., Gudermann, T., and Popp, T. (2018). Also, thrombocytopenia and thrombosis have been mostly reported after AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccines [ 3 ]. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000797, Ferner, R. E., and Aronson, J. K. (2020). Efficacy and Safety of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules, a Repurposed Chinese Herb, in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial. 180 (11), 10421047. Physiol. Nervous system conditions or surgeries. Antiviral Res. Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). doi:10.1038/labinvest.2016.150, Zhang, P. h., Han, J., Cao, F., Liu, Y. j., Tian, C., Wu, C. h., et al. 308 (11), L1178L1188. Since the inhibition of ENaC induces pulmonary edema formation, targeting ENaC is rational in order to enhance fluid clearance from the alveoli. Supportive cares for COVID-19 include respiratory support and circulatory support. Physiol. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. J. Biol. COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has a global reach. doi:10.3390/v4040557, Ho, T., Wu, S., Chen, J., Li, C., and Hsiang, C. (2007). (2020). RAS plays a significant role in ARDS as well as pulmonary edema processes. A., and Cook, D. I. 34, 101658. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101658. J. Med. Res. Am. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00285.2017, Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., et al. PCTR1 Improves Pulmonary Edema Fluid Clearance through Activating the Sodium Channel and Lymphatic Drainage in Lipopolysaccharideinduced ARDS. The most common COVID-19 vaccine side effects include local injection site pain, fever, chills, myalgias, headache and fatigue, with resolution usually in a few days ( 1, 2 ). Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema. BMJ 369, m1432. COVID-19: Urgent Reconsideration of Lung Edema as a Preventable Outcome: Inhibition of TRPV4 As a Promising and Feasible Approach. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Tumor Necrosis Factor- Inhibits Aquaporin 5 Expression in Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells. 6, 331345. (2020). Potassium channels up-regulate ENaC expression via activating KvLQT1 pathway so as to control AFC (Bardou et al., 2012). J. 61, 35. doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.627, Matthay, M. A., Clerici, C., and Saumon, G. (2002). doi:10.1111/bph.12414, Kaur, S. P., and Gupta, V. (2020). Lancet Respir. National Library of Medicine It is worth mentioning that, except alveoli, which is widely known as the target tissue, cardiomyocyte can be infected as well. 64 (15), 20062012. Glucocorticoid Induction of Epithelial Sodium Channel Expression in Lung and Renal Epithelia Occurs via Trans-activation of a Hormone Response Element in the 5-Flanking Region of the Human Epithelial Sodium Channel Subunit Gene. Am. doi:10.1111/joim.13091, Passi, A., Negrini, D., Albertini, R., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1998). FIGURE 6. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013183, Sayegh, R., Auerbach, S. D., Li, X., Loftus, R. W., Husted, R. F., Stokes, J. Evidences for TRPs as medium of lung injury are emerging from studies on various inhalational chemical threats (Achanta and Jordt, 2020). As such, the S protein is essential for viral infection (Heald-Sargent and Gallagher, 2012; Li, 2016; Walls et al., 2020). J. Physiol. Further studies may determine if CD44 inhibitors can be of use to in COVID-19. Therefore, drugs targeted at the humoral mechanisms might turn out to be highly effective against SARS-COV-2 infections. (1999). Like all medicines, the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can cause side effects. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Salmeterol for the Prevention of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. Int. TRP Functions in the Broncho-Pulmonary System. Acta (Bba) - Biomembranes 1818 (7), 16821690. (2018). medRxiv. Matrix Proteinases in Lung Biology. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 274 (18), 1243112437. doi:10.1002/jcp.29758, Zhang, W., Xia, X., Reisenauer, M. R., Rieg, T., Lang, F., Kuhl, D., et al. 313 (5), L859L872. Infect. Atractylenolide I Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways in RAW264.7 Cells. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.2.L414, Mutlu, G. M., Dumasius, V., Burhop, J., McShane, P. J., Meng, F. J., Welch, L., et al. doi:10.1152/physiol.00026.2008, Birket, S. E., Chu, K. K., Houser, G. H., Liu, L., Fernandez, C. M., Solomon, G. M., et al. Moreover, as a retrospective multicenter cohort study reported, early treatment with Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction associated with better outcomes, faster recovery, and a shorter duration of hospital stay (Shi et al., 2020a).

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