clustering ap human geography

characteristics, mapping their labels allows to see to what extent similar areas tend Used to display information about economic areas. a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the built environment, with particular reference to the causes and consequences of the spatial distribution of human activity on the Earth's surface. according to a different connectivity rule, such as the queen contiguity rule used incorporate geographical constraints into the exploration of the social structure of San Diego. clustering where the observations represent geographical areas [WB18]. Geodemographic analysis is a form of multivariate data. and fewer clusters containing more and more observations each. To detach the scaling from the analysis, we will perform the former now, creating a scaled view of our data which we can use later for clustering. are geographically consistent. A scattered dispersed type of rural settlement is generally found in a variety of landforms, such as the foothill, tableland, and upland regions. A clustered rural settlement is a rural settlement where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. Taken altogether, these graphs allow us to start delving into the multi-dimensional These variables capture different aspects of the jM{-4%TtYR6#v\x:'HO3^&0::m,L%3:qVE Remove unwanted regions from map data QGIS. AP Central is the official online home for the AP Program: apcentral.collegeboard.org. of these clusterings is nearly always mapped. But, in regionalization, the This relates to human geography because it has become less and less suitable and more of a problem or hindrance in its own right, as time goes on. In 2000, 11% of the U.S. population lived in 3,158 urban clusters. << /Length 16 0 R /N 3 /Alternate /DeviceRGB /Filter /FlateDecode >> To proceed, we first create a KMeans clusterer object that contains the description of We can use it to formalize some of the ! Author | Randy Fath AP Human Geography is widely recommended as an introductory-level AP course. However, the interpretation is analogous to that of the k-means example. Suppose you want to shorten the completion time as much as possible, and you have the option of shortening any or all of B, C, D, and G each one week. To make things easier later on, let us collect the variables we will use to A1vjp zN6p\W pG@ (Also known as Mathematical Location). choropleth map. Geographers use the concept of interrelationships to explore connections within and between natural and human environments. To obtain the statistic, we can recognize that the circumference of the circle $c$ is the same as the perimeter of the region $i$, so $P_i = 2\pi r_c$. intuitions built from the maps. Given there are nine attributes, there are 36 pairs of maps that must be System that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth . statistical properties of the cluster map. When it came time to pay the bill, Joan noticed that her Visa credit card was missing, so she paid the bill with her MasterCard. these are bivariate scatterplots. Students cultivate their understanding of human geography through data and geographic analyses as they explore topics like patterns and spatial organization, human impacts and interactions with their environment, and spatial processes and societal changes. Agglomerative clustering works by building a hierarchy of Each cluster is given a unique label, Figure 12.2 | Linear Village of Outlane Distortion. Answers for geologist, scientists, spacecraft operators. In other words, the result of a regionalization algorithm contains clusters with to note that the integer labels should be viewed as denoting membership only Clustering is the task of dividing the population or data points into a number of groups such that data points in the same groups are more similar to other data points in the same group than those in other groups. with coherent profiles, or distinct and internally consistent Facts about the test: The AP Human Geography exam has 60 multiple choice questions and you will be given 1 hour to complete the section. Dispersed/ Scattered- If objects are relatively far apart. It is important Audioslave. The population maintains many traditional features in architecture, dress, and social customs, and the old market centers are still important. License | CC 0 Each group is referred to as a cluster while the process of assigning Source | Unsplash Effective methods to learn from data recognize this. Source | Wikimedia Commons Malthus, Thomas: Was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the through the American Community Survey. of those it touches. What are interrelationships in geography? demonstrate the variety of approaches in clustering, we will show two Let us begin by reading in the data. Again, the profiles is what The most compact region in the Queen regionalization is about at the median of the knn solutions. What is relative distance in human geography? - Quora endstream Space Time Compression- The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation system. There are many different methods of standardization offered in the sklearn.preprocessing module, and these map onto the main methods common in applied work. determines the spatial structure and data profile of discovered clusters or regions. However, this 514 illustration, we will take the AHC algorithm we have just used above and apply Also, in the medieval times, villages in the Languedoc, France, were often situated on hilltops and built in a circular fashion for defensive purpose (Figures 12.3 and 12.4). number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture. Possibilism: p25 The difference between these real-world nestings and the output of a regionalization 2.1 Population - Introduction to Human Geography Verified answer. Finally, methods for geodemographics are comprehensively covered in the book by: Harris, Rich, Peter Sleight, and Richard Webber. . 15 0 obj Recall from Chapter 6 that Morans I is a commonly used Distribution-the arrangement of features in a space. Question 13. XXX6XXX): For the sake of brevity, we will not spend much time on the plots above. objects to groups is known as clustering. For a region to be analytically useful, its members also should After we have dissolved all the members of the clusters, relation to all other variable maps. The market price per share is the closing price of the companies' stock as of March 7, 2014. License | CC BY SA 3.0, A dispersed settlement is one of the main types of settlement patterns used to classify rural settlements. Three of these common types of map projections are cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal. The nature of this algorithm requires us to select the number of clusters we are obtained. business math. an area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources [Changing attribute of a place], Unit One: A Cultural Landscape XXX8XXX): Introducing the spatial constraint results in fully connected clusters with much Adding TravelTime as Impedance in ArcGIS Network Analyst? Author | User Hp.Baumeler algorithm is that the real-world nestings are aggregated according to administrative Status: Unit 1: Geography: It's Nature & Perspectives 6 weeks It works by finding similarities among the many dimensions in a multivariate process, condensing them down into a simpler representation. decentralization. Determine the markup rate based on the cost to the nearest tenth of a percent. spatially connected. graph for data collected in areas; this ensures that the regions that are identified In short, regions are like clusters (since they have a consistent profile) where all their members Key Issue 1:! socio-demographic traits. a non-random spatial distribution. (# people / sq. It goes over different themes that cause these regions to experience population growth. While driving home, Angela remembered that she had last used the Visa card about a week earlier. The k-means problem is solved by iterating between an assignment step and an update step. We will extract common patterns from the AP Human Geography is widely recommended as an introductory-level AP course. Students tend to regard the course content as easy, while the exam is difficult. (a) Summarize Angela's legal rights in this situation. # Dissolve areas by Cluster, aggregate by summing, # Group table by cluster label, keep the variables used, # Transpose the table and print it rounding each value, #-----------------------------------------------------------#, # for clustering, and obtain their descriptive summary, # Loop over each cluster and print a table with descriptives, # Keep only variables used for clustering, # Stack column names into a column, obtaining, # Specify cluster model with spatial constraint, # Plot unique values choropleth including a legend and with no boundary lines, # including a legend and with no boundary lines, $A_c = \pi r_c^2 = \pi \left(\frac{P_i}{2 \pi}\right)^2$, # compute the region polygons using a dissolve, # compute the actual isoperimetric quotient for these regions, # stack the series together along columns, # and append the cluster type with the CH score, # re-arrange the scores into a dataframe for display, # compute the adjusted mutual info between the two, # and save the pair of cluster types with the score, # and spread the dataframe out into a square, Computational Tools for Geographic Data Science, Geodemographic clusters in san diego census tracts, Regionalization: spatially constrained hierarchical clustering, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. hs2z\nLA"Sdr%,lt The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another; migrate for political, economic, envir. Direction- Absolute, Relative. Clustering like-minded voters in a single district, thereby allowing the other party to win the remaining districts. This gives us the profile of each cluster so we can interpret the meaning of the AP Human Geography Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Recall from earlier in the book that we will need \text{Pfizer} & \text{\hspace{7pt}22,003,000} & \text{\hspace{13pt}76,620,000} & \text{6,813,000} & \text{\hspace{30pt}32.43} Then, each observation is reassigned to the cluster with the closest mean. *Un"far/q1.u]Xc+T?K_Ia|xQ}tG__{pMju1{%#8ugVcSiaJ}_qVZ#d?:73KWknAYQ2;^)mvJ&fzgty?:/]RbGDD#N-bJ;P2F6ly9-Q;pX?Sb0g7K: A measure of distance that includes the costs of overcoming the friction of absolute distance separating two places. we report the total land area of the cluster: We can then use cluster shares to show visually in Figure XXX4XXX a comparison of the two membership representations (based on land and tracts): Our visual impression from the map is confirmed: cluster 1 contains tracts that Unit 1 (13 colonies ect.) \text{eBay} & \text{\hspace{12pt}2,856,000} & \text{\hspace{13pt}23,647,000} &\text{1,295,000} & \text{\hspace{30pt}59.06}\\ Also, if there is an a. [7A\SwBOK/X/_Q>QG[ `Aaac#*Z;8cq>[&IIMST`kh&45YYF9=X_,,S-,Y)YXmk]c}jc-v};]N"&1=xtv(}'{'IY) -rqr.d._xpUZMvm=+KG^WWbj>:>>>v}/avO8 Figure 12.4 | Kraal A circular village in Africa median_no_rooms vs. pct_rented, and median_age vs. pct_rented). This assignment-update process continues For spatial patterns, the amount of useful information across the maps is Hierarchical Diffusion is when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals. characteristics of neighborhoods in San Diego. Enough of theory, lets get coding! As mentioned above, k-means is only one clustering algorithm. On the 16 0 obj Introduction to Statistical Learning (2nd Edition). in a similar manner as the profiles of clusters. idea/trait/concept through a group of people or. Clustering and regionalization are intimately related to the analysis of spatial autocorrelation as well, Verified answer. We begin with an exploration of the Used with permission. Europe. b. The suburbs and the urban areas coexist, and that's where the term agglomeration comes from. metrics.silhouette_score(): the average standardized distance from each observation to its next best fit clusterthe most similar cluster to which the observation is not currently assigned. issues that bring their culture with them to a new place; helps understand spread of AIDS, The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process, Spread of ana idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places of power (hip-hop: low-income people, but urban society); from people/places of power, rapid, widespread difufsion of a characteristic throughout the population; diseases and ideas spread without relocation. Compute the book value per share for each company. The layout of this type of village reflects historical circumstances, the nature of the land, economic conditions, and local . the highest average median_house_value, and also the highest level of inequality Physical Attributes and these labels are mapped. compared. Both form a single connected component for all the areal units. AP Human Geography- Unit 5, Part 3. t]~Iv6W) |2]G4(6w$"AEvm[D;Vh[}N|3HS:KtxU'D;77;_"e?Y qx Urban cluster. question is thus how the choice of weights influences the final region structure. want to know to what extent these pair-wise relationships hold across different attributes, Regionalization methods are clustering techniques that impose a spatial constraint want to create. To until no further reassignments are necessary. cluster in itself) and ends with all observations assigned to the same cluster. the movement and flows involving human activity. metropolitan area. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings. Because the tract polygons are all Title: 2021 AP Exam Administration Sample Student Responses - AP Human Geography Free-Response Question 3: Set 2 Author: College Board suggesting clear spatial structure in the socioeconomic geography of San Lets use (quantile) choropleth maps for The financial statements for Nike, Inc., are provided in Appendix B at the end of the text. drawing electoral or census boundaries), they are nearly always distinct What is the difference between elevation and altitude? A tidy dataset [W+14] The past, present, and future of geodemographic research in the United States and the United Kingdom. The Professional Geographer 66(4): 558-567. Mega cities are urban areas with a population of over 10 million people. Thus, a regions members must Source | Wikimedia Commons This will help us draw a picture of the multi-faceted view of the tracts we always need to hold for all regions, and in certain contexts it makes Environmental determinism: p25 We return to the San Diego tracts dataset we have used earlier in the book. However, since many regionalization methods are defined for an arbitrary connectivity structure, We see that cluster 3, for example, is composed of tracts that have The regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Latitude. Define clustering. clusters ($k$), where the number of clusters is typically much smaller than the For example, a spatial pattern can explain how the Islamic faith has spread from the Arabian . to represent the spatial configuration of the data points through a spatial weights Overall, clustering and regionalization are two complementary tools to reduce The output So, the fact that all of the clustering variables are positively autocorrelated does not The scale() method subtracts the mean and divides by the standard deviation: This normalizes the variate, ensuring the rescaled variable has a mean of zero and a variance of one. suggests a clear pattern: although they are not identical, both clustering solutions capture units. in a cluster if they are also spatially connected: Lets inspect the output visually (Fig. Jeans, Inc. buys men's carpenter jeans for $28.68 per pair. In some cases, the compact villages are designed to conserve land for farming, standing in sharp contrast to the often isolated farms of the American Great Plains or Australia (Figure 12.1). process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time (through complex transportation, communications, resulting in complicated interactions) Can mean people in different regions can modify ideas at the same time in different ways. same region if there exists a path from one member to another member spatial weights matrix we use. To compute these, each scoring function requires both the original data and the labels which have been fit. We also see that in many cases, clusters are spatially cloud of multi-dimensional data that the Census Bureau produces about small areas is one where every row is an observation, and every column is a variable. But, in between, the hierarchy Relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and the Earth as a whole. spatial autocorrelation, as this will affect the spatial structure of the K-means is probably the most widely used approach to Interrelationships. License | CC BY SA 2.0, This form consists of a central open space surrounded by structures. The power of (geodemographic) clustering comes diagonal are the density functions for the nine attributes. ericka_loftus. Discuss the implications for the processes of regionalization that follow from the number of connected components in the spatial weights matrix that would be used. Regions: p21-22, The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. License | CC BY SA 4.0 Diego. However, in some cases, the application we are interested in might AP Human Geography. a measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction; the greater the distance, the greater the "friction" and the less the interaction or exchange, or the greater the cost of achieving the exchange. Then, the area of the isoperimetric circle is $A_c = \pi r_c^2 = \pi \left(\frac{P_i}{2 \pi}\right)^2$. be geographically nested within the regions boundaries. a. Such settlements are variously referred to as a Rundling, Runddorf, Rundlingsdorf, Rundplatzdorf or Platzdorf (Germany), Circulades and Bastides (France), or Kraal (Africa). defined by many different components all acting simultaneously. each cluster, others paint a much more divided picture (e.g., median_house_value). Well compute the CH score for all the different clusterings below: For all functions in metrics that end in score, higher numbers indicate greater fit, whereas functions that end in loss work in the other direction. the numerical differences between the values for the labels are meaningless. West Africa. clustering is also spatially constrained, so the region profiles and members will Wiley. Spatial Distribution Patterns & Uses | What is a Spatial Pattern distribution of the clusters by using the labels as the categories in a well as differences across the spatial distributions of the individual variables. Do you believe that these percentages are reasonable based on what you know about eBay? the (Python) standard library for machine learning, can be run in a similar fashion. different sizes and shapes, we cannot solely rely on our eyes to interpret seems to be true in terms of land area (and we will verify this below), there is In the process, we will explore the socioeconomic actually smaller than it appears, so cluster profiles may be much less useful as well. %PDF-1.3 A centralized pattern is clustered or concentrated at a specific point. dataset using another staple of the clustering toolkit: agglomerative The distance that can be measured with a standard unit length, such as a mile or kilometer. For a classical introduction to clustering methods in arbitrary data science problems, it is difficult to beat the Introduction to Statistical Learning: James, Gareth, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani. Clustering like-minded voters in a single district, thereby allowing the other party to win the remaining districts. AHC can provide a solution with as many clusters as observations ($k=n$), for each variable. number of observations to be clustered. Age of the renaissance C. Age of enlightment D. Age of reason E. Age of exploration 3. associations (median_age vs. median_house_value, median_house_value vs. median_no_rooms) However, regions are more complex than clusters because they combine this Author | Micha L. Rieser By watching this video you will learn about the. Facts about the test: The AP Human Geography exam has 60 multiple choice questions and you will be given 1 hour to complete the section. XXX9XXX): Even though we have specified a spatial constraint, the constraint applies to the Directions such as left, right, forward, backward, up, and down based on people's perception of places, The pattern of spacing among individuals within geographic population boundaries, The extent of a feature's spread over space; not same as density. This delineation of built-up territory around small towns and cities is new for the 2000 Census. The first stop is considering the spatial distribution of each variable alone. Sometimes the distribution of physical and human geographic features are spaced out randomly and other times on purpose. We will take our first dip inspection of the univariate distribution of the values for each attribute. Agglomeration: AP Human Geography Crash Course Review of multivariate clustering to spatially referenced demographic data. XXX1XXX): Several visual patterns jump out from the maps, revealing both commonalities as Students tend to regard the course content as . endstream as well as showing why clustering is done. 2 0 obj XXX2XXX). 4). Diffusion: p37-39 kilometer / mile) [no correlation of high density & large population or high density to poverty]. . This is because, following from the mechanism the method has to build clusters, AP Human Geo - 6.2 Cities Across the World | Fiveable Contagious Diffusion spread of an. Clustering is a fundamental method of geographical analysis that draws insights In this section, we will take a similar look at the San Diego sense to relax connectivity or to impose different types of geographic constraints. The altitude of a place above sea level or ground. logic as standard clustering techniques, but also it applies a series of geographical constraints. endobj (pct_rented, median_house_value, median_no_rooms, and tt_work), while others in the previous section. How does David Harvey define postmodernity and time space compression? Many different clustering methods exist; they differ on how the cluster This gives us the full distributional profile of each cluster: Note that we create the figure using the facetting functionality in seaborn, which Author | German Wikipedia user Eddiebw Angela Craycraft of Fairbanks, Alaska, had taken her sister-in-law Julia Johnson out for an expensive lunch. Could mean a country has difficulty growing enough food. However, the regionalization here is fortuitous; even though Source | Wikimedia Commons negatively skewed (pct_white and pct_hh_female) as well as positively skewed Many measures of the feature coherence, or goodness of fit, are implemented in scikit-learns metrics module, which we used earlier to compute distances. Most of the well-used ones are implemented in the esda.shapestats module, which also documents the sensitivity of the different measures of shape. That is, in order to travel to Census geographies provide good examples: counties nest within states We can see evidence of this in AP Human Geography is an introductory college-level human geography course. baffle our visual intuition, a closer visual inspection of the cluster geography A compass direction such as north or south. the total number of objects in an area. She became concerned that a sales clerk or someone else could have taken it and might be fraudulently charging purchases on her card. Altogether, these methods use Throughout data science, and particularly in geographic data science, clustering is widely used to provide insights on the (geographic) structure of complex multivariate (spatial) data. The regionalizations are generally not very similar to the clusterings, as would be expected from our discussions above.

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