why did china become communist quizlet

The campaign also called for educational reforms and the use of people's communes, where people lived and worked collectively. Mao quickly seized the opportunity, ordering Lin Biao and Zhu De to begin taking key cities, including Siping and Harbin. Nationalists expended needed resources on containing the Communists, rather than by peasants for its unflagging efforts to fight against the Japanese Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. Status of the, Quarterly That development became a central focus of Chinas political history from 1949. The communist victory in 1949 brought to power a peasant party that had learned its techniques in the countryside but had adopted Marxist ideology and believed in class struggle and rapid industrial development. Why Did the Communists Win the Chinese Revolution? Before you read the article, you should skim it first. abducted Chiang in 1937 and forced him to reconsider cooperation with the [186] Nevertheless, as Mao left for negotiations he simultaneously ordered the Shangdang Campaign to defeat as many KMT units in Shanxi as possible and thereby gain a stronger hand at the negotiating table. After that, resistance to the Communists on the mainland was substantial but scattered, such as in the far south. Under the influence of Moscow, the strategy of direct confrontation with the KMT by organizing urban uprisings continued until 1933, when party leadership was finally forced to evacuate to the countryside. [186] CCP dominance in northern China seriously concerned Chiang, who was not in a position to stop the CCP from taking Beiping or Tianjin. They had won a great deal of support among the common people, especially peasants, who were glad to escape from the control of wealthy landlords and corrupt warlords. On October 1, 1949, Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong A system of sharecropping prevailed in much of Shanxi where landlords owned all agricultural capital and expected 80% of the harvest as rent. The Northern Military Region Band (now the Central Military Band of the PLA) provided musical accompaniment which included the Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army and new national anthem of China, the March of the Volunteers.[232][233]. The goal was to destroy the "Four Olds" of pre-Communist China: Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas. Beijing along with its strategic allies and partners Russia, Iran and North Korea sees the West in decline and strives to hasten its fall, just as the Soviet Union and its acolytes attempted in the original Cold War. At the end of the third read, you should be able to respond to these questions: Photo of a Chinese soldier participating in a toast with President Mao over a banquet table. Although in most cases not technically colonies, large regions of China were in reality under foreign control. Direct link to 24AnzalduaIs's post When was this published?, Posted 2 years ago. This incident sparked outrage throughout China, culminating in the CantonHong Kong strike, which began on 18 June, and proved a fertile recruiting ground for the CCP. Describe The Great Leap Forward (communes and rations) Would modernize China's economy by building up the coal, steal, and iron industries. [5] This article is focused on the political and social developments that contributed to the Revolution, rather than the military events of the Civil War, so it begins with the founding of the Communist party. [180] As Mao Zedong said to an American Colonel David D. Barrett, the Communists had an army based on "millet plus rifles. Wright, Mary C. "The Chinese peasant and communism." She was previously a World History Fellow at Khan Academy, where she worked closely with the College Board to develop curriculum for AP World History. CCP's 6th Party Congress there, rather than in China. [103] The All-China Federation of Labor (ACFL), founded by the Communists in 1925, reached 2.8 million members by 1927.[104]. [87], On 30 May 1925, Chinese students in Shanghai gathered at the International Settlement, and held demonstrations in opposition to foreign interference in China. In the nineteenth century, however, it struggled against foreign imperialism. equality for all Chinese political parties. Mao had hoped his revolutionary movement would turn China into a beacon of communism. We have to tell the truth. [95] At the same time, Chiang made conciliatory moves toward the Soviet Union, and attempted to balance the need for Soviet and CCP assistance in the fight against the warlords with his concerns about growing communist influence within the KMT. John K. Fairbank, Harvards renowned China scholar, and other supporters of a pro-Mao U.S. policy, argued that Chiangs defeat was inevitable and that Marshall succeeded in preventing the Americans from going into a super-Vietnam to quell the Chinese Revolution.But the suggestion that opponents of the Chinese communists and supporters of the Nationalist Chineselike Congressman Walter Juddsought the entry of thousands if not millions of American troops is far off the mark. The exact end of the Revolution is also a bit unclear. When Sun Yat-sen had died on 12 March, his immediate successor as chairman was the moderate Liao Zhongkai, who supported the United Front and the KMT's close relationship with the Soviet Union. [38][39] They ran side businesses with the profits from farming to shore up their finances and isolate themselves from the effects of bad harvests. Bidens permissive environment strikes again, Montana legislator sues House speaker over censure, Supreme Court to consider overruling Chevron doctrine, McConnell insists hes sitting out debt talks to disbelief, Tucker Carlson, on leaked video, derides Fox streaming service, Senate rankings: Here are the 5 seats most likely to flip. "[67] Instead, most Chinese Marxists had determined to follow the Leninist model, which they understood as organizing a vanguard party around a core group of professional revolutionaries. The exact beginning and end dates are debatable. By the end of the second close read, you should be able to answer the following questions: Finally, here are some questions that will help you focus on why this article matters and how it connects to other content youve studied. In October 1949, when Mao Zedong proclaimed the birth of the People's Republic of China, a Bamboo Curtain descended on some 540 million Chinese just as an Iron Curtain had descended across the European continent. National Congress of The Communist Party of China (CPC)", "100 years since the founding of the Chinese Communist Party", "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics: Sun Yatsen and the International Development of China", "The Fate of Revolutionary Militias in China", "The Making of the Guomindang's Japan Policy, 1932-1937: The Roles of Chiang Kai-shek and Wang Jingwei", "The Situation and Our Policy After the Victory in the War of Resistance Against Japan", "The term "Millet Plus Rifles" should not be misused", "The Liberation War and the "Millet Plus Rifles", "Lost Chance for Peace: The 1945 CCP-Kuomintang Peace Talks Revisited", "Operation BELEAGUER: The Marine III Amphibious Corps in North China, 1945-1949: Marine Corps Gazette", " 1945 (Record of major events of the Communist Party of China)", "Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, the Far East: China, Volume VII Office of the Historian", "Mao Zedong proclaims People's Republic of China", "Reds Proclaim a Republic in China; Chou is Premier; CHINESE REPUBLIC LAUNCHED BY REDS", Resolution on the Capital, Calendar, National Anthem, and National Flag of the People's Republic of China, Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, "Army Department Teletype conference, ca. It was another one of Mao's initiatives introduced in the mid-1960s: The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. After 1937, China was officially at war with Japan. Liu Bocheng proposed to parade directors Yang Chengwu and Tang Yanjie be organized in the Soviet format, having personally witnessed a military parade on Red Square in Moscow. government and supported that governments holding the Chinese seat in the After three years of fighting, the war ended in a stalemate with the border between North and South Korea near where it had been at the war's beginning. So, you know how on TV, when someone is doing something dangerousand usually awesomethey say: don't try this at home! In October of They will sweep all the imperialists, warlords, corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry into their graves. 1. The Soviet Union's decision to let the communists take control of Japanese weapons and supplies left behind in Manchuria, on the other hand, proved decisive. What are the major ethnic groups in China? This article is part of our larger collection of resources on the Cold War. [173] By 1945, retail market prices had reached 3,000% of their 1937 levels. [94] Hu was arrested for his connections to the murderers, leaving Chiang and Wang JingweiSun's former confidant and a leftist sympathizeras the two main contenders for control of the party. thousands of Nationalist Chinese troops into Japanese-controlled territory and [225] Following a fierce battle, the CCP captured Jinan and Shandong province on 24 September 1948. Japanese surrender set the stage for the resurgence of civil war in China. Leader of the Chinese Communist Party. In both countries, Marxist-Leninist ideology was an essential element that gave the Communist Party absolute power and ensured its control of domestic and foreign policy. Although officials in the Truman Drawing representing the support behind the proletarian cultural revolution in China. The start of China turning to communism. WHEN DID CHINA BECOME COMMUNIST (OFFICIALLY)? But its monumental Afghanistan failure seriously tarnished U.S. credibility on a broad foreign policy front. The United States continued to funnel large amounts of money and weapons to Chiang Kai-shek, but corruption and low morale fatally undermined the Nationalist army. Sun encouraged this decision by offering praise for Vladimir Lenin and calling his principle of livelihood "a form of communism". [19] Japan and the Western powers forced China to accept unequal treaties that gave them territorial concessions and allowed them to exploit the Chinese economy. This was controversial because it conflicted with traditional party doctrine and the line endorsed by the Comintern. Commanded by Nie Rongzhen, the Commander of the Northern China Military Region and inspected by Zhu De, the Commander-in-Chief of the PLA, the parade involved around 16,000 PLA officers and personnel. Years of mistrust between the two sides thwarted "Reconsideration of Chen Duxiu's Attitude toward the Peasant Movement." In. Trumans desire to prevent the Korean conflict from spreading south led [219] The outcome of these encounters were decisive for the military outcome of the civil war. [73] The party had 50 members at the beginning of 1921, 200 in 1922, and 2,428 in 1925. Successive Qing administrations failed to address growing problems such as economic stagnation, official corruption, and military weakness. French historian Lucien Bianco argues that before the war, the peasantry had not been ready for revolution; economic reasons were not enough to mobilize them. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Current one is: December 15. The Kuomintang formulated a plan in which three Khampa divisions would be assisted by the Panchen Lama to oppose the Communists. Government wanted to be charged with facilitating the loss of China to [74][75][76] In contrast, the Kuomintang had 50,000 members already in 1923. At first, the Communists allied with the GMD against the warlords, but it didn't last long. U.S. forces flew tens of Mao had returned from a previous visit to his rural home town personally convinced that the peasantry had revolutionary potential, and over the course of 1926 had established himself as an authority on rural issues while lecturing at the Peasant Training Institute. It joined the Non-Aligned Nationswho were committed to not taking sides in the US - Soviet Union rivalryand practiced a policy of overall opposition to imperialism and colonialism. To march at their head and lead them. The PRC was also looking for allies. On 1 October 1949, Mao formally proclaimed the creation of the People's Republic of China. Police and party cadres in each locality, backed up by army units, began to crack down on criminal activities associated with economic breakdown. New York, NY: Fairbank, John King. The Communist victory had a major impact on the global balance of power: China became the largest socialist state by population, and, after the 1956 Sino-Soviet split, a third force in the Cold War. establishment of the PRC; Chiang and his forces fled to Taiwan to regroup and of State, World War I and the [134][135][136], In 1927, immediately after the collapse of Wang Jingwei's leftist Kuomintang government in Wuhan and Chiang Kai-shek's suppression of communists, the CCP attempted a series of uprisings and military mutinies in Guangzhou, Nanchang and Hunan. [217][194], Knowing their disadvantages in manpower and equipment, the CCP adopted a "passive defense" strategy. The Australia, New Zealand and United States Security Treaty (ANZUS Treaty), Copyright Following the advice of Otto Braun, they replaced cautious guerilla tactics with a more traditional military strategy. [117] British and American naval forces were sent to evacuate their respective citizens, resulting in a naval bombardment that left the city burning and at least forty people dead. [198] On the 26th, the CCP authorized army units and cadres to begin infiltrating the Manchurian countryside (a move tolerated by the Soviets). The Nationalists attempted two currency reforms in 1948 and 1949, but as discussed below, by then the lack of confidence in the Nationalist Government undermined the reforms' effectiveness. The rapidly-expanding, Communist-led labor movement staged near-constant demonstrations in Wuhan itself and across the nominally KMT-controlled territories. [147] In January 1935, the CCP paused the march to hold a conference in Zunyi. [1994] (1994). Relations, World Wide Diplomatic Archives [204] As Nationalist troops moved in to formerly occupied territories, looting and large-scale corruption were common. Why or why not? The melon was China. Mao Zedong as Poet and Revolutionary Leader: Social and Historical Perspectives. [117][120][121] On 22 March, NRA General Bai Chongxi's forces marched into Shanghai victorious. [133] However, under pressure from Chiang, Wang eventually purged Communists from his government and declared his loyalty to the right-wing government in Nanjing. Changing the day will navigate the page to that given day in history. Senator Vandenberg, present at the meeting, wrote in his diary: If, at the very moment when Chiangs Nationalists are desperately trying to negotiate some kind of peace with the Communists, we suspend all military shipments to the Nationalists, we certainly shall make any hope of negotiated peace impossible. People's Liberation Army) People's Republic of China. [145][146] Mao's guerilla tactics had successfully repulsed three KMT encirclement campaigns. [12][13][14] ROC soldiers who had fled into the mountains of Burma and Thailand worked with the CIA and Kuomintang to finance anti-Communist activities with drug trafficking well into the 1980s. During the early PRC days, he was true to his word. [213][194] This was decisive; from this point onwards the Communist forces were no longer just an army of "millet plus rifles". [66][72] The Chinese Communist Party grew slowly in its first few years. Focused on heavy industry, this commitment to industrializing continued with the Great Leap Forward. Chiang Kai-shek, 600,000 Nationalist troops and about two million Nationalist-sympathizer refugees retreated to the island of Taiwan. on internal threats instead of the Japanese assault, a group of generals [24] Even in north China, where most peasants owned at least some land, the plots they owned were so small and infertile that they remained on the edge of starvation. The actual trigger came when the government gave control of China's railways to foreign companies. to the U.S. policy of protecting the Chiang Kai-shek government on Taiwan. At Yalta, the Allies had agreed to recognize Russia's claims in the Far East in exchange for a Soviet declaration of war on Japan. [78] By 1923, it claimed a membership of about 100,000, or one-quarter of the population of the entire county. The October Revolution in Russia had inspired many of them to join study groups centered on Marxist theory. This He served in the Pentagon when Vladimir Putin invaded Georgia and was involved in Department of Defense discussions about the U.S. response. Did this have anything to do with the opium war? By the time that Nationalist units had been able to arrive in the major cities of Manchuria, Communist forces commanded by Lin Biao were already in firm control of most of the countryside and surrounding areas, including the city of Chinchow. Decades of unequal treaties with Western nations and rising Japanese power meant that China had lost control of key ports, cities, and spheres of influence. [105] CCP leader Chen Duxiu was also upset, both from doubt in the peasants' revolutionary capabilities and fear that premature revolt would wreck the United Front. [85] [190][191][192] By mid-1945, the United States was firmly committed to supporting Chiang. This article on when did China become communist is an excerpt fromLee Edwards and Elizabeth Edwards SpaldingsbookA Brief History of the Cold War. We shall thus virtually notify the Communists that they can consider the war ended and themselves as victors.. 1-2 (1984): 51-67. Xuyin, Guo. [31] Where a share of the harvest was paid, as in much of north China, rates of 40%, 50%, and 60% were common. During World War II, popular support for the Communists increased. In 1950, during the Korean War, U.S. and PRC armed forces clashed. [176], The power of the CCP had grown considerably by the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Ideology bred many of the same totalitarian practices in both countries: The key to understanding both the Soviet Union and Communist Chinaand really answering the question of when did China become communistasserts the historian Martin Malia, is ideology. [88] Specifically, with the support of the KMT, they called for the boycott of foreign goods and an end to the Settlement, which was governed by the British and Americans. Section: "The Importance Of The Peasant Problem". At the end of the First World War, the Treaty of Versailles had recognized some Japanese claims in China as a reward for Japan fighting alongside the victorious powers. While pursuing this goal, the "centre of gravity" of communist policy shifted from the countryside to the city, but Chairman Mao Zedong insisted that the revolutionary vision forged in the rural struggle would continue to guide the party. [227] Mao rejected Stalin's position and on 21 April, began the Yangtze River Crossing Campaign. A priority goal of the communist political system was to raise China to the status of a great power. State. [219] The New 1st Army, regarded as the best KMT army, was forced to surrender after the CCP conducted a brutal six-month siege of Changchun that resulted in more than 150,000 civilian deaths from starvation. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. [122][117][123] But the strike continued until Bai ordered its end on 24 March. In the following decades, two great communist powers, the PRC and the Soviet Union, usually but not always cooperated in advancing Marxism-Leninism while competing for the leadership of the communist world. Once in power, communist cadres could no longer condone what they had once sponsored, and inevitably they adopted a more rigid and bureaucratic attitude toward popular participation in politics.

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