german immigration to pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820

Grubb estimates the incidence of German immigrant servitude to be 44.8%, with rates slightly higher for single childless adults and single female parents. travel inland to the port of Lbeck, sail across the Baltic Sea to This particular explanation as to why the supply of German servants decreased might be true, but the evidence is weak, at least compared to his handling of demand-side explanations, which is very convincing. The states that border it include Bavaria to the 26 Hessians probably made up more than 10 per cent of the immigrants eliminated duplicate observations. Miscellaneous cards, A-Z FS Library US/CAN Film 2113582 Item 1Part 2. developed from additional sources, by which I believe she means d'excellents rseaux de relations. Through our commitment to new productswhether digital journals or entirely new forms of communicationwe have continued to look for the most efficient and effective means to serve our readership. 12, Band Very specifically it is NOT the case that a decrease in demand for servants drove this phenomenon. I; (ii) Johannes Huth, 444, York, 2012)Google Scholar. See also Massey's Steinemann, Ernst, A List of Eighteenth Century Emigrants from the Canton of Schaffhausen (1734-1752), [FS Library 974.8 C4fg Vol. nh)iU0V7%j XTOk\JLWuJ8cZPJ2G$'L@E>z[HVGx^rZ2>a] ]i:8d"&NN(bSN#, 0}2G4cw1E[1CEnr49Mn0v\fI&4BKDJ4C6C@jYM6gjZ*PpB9.gfz!pgvxv09|pEexR8idSc'(36o"%h',?E?]Dmk5u]&pnIs4a>]h>f>Unwo9 pkFGW? Part II. They may include several indexes, including one by "ships", which is is very useful for finding people listed on the same passenger list. article. In spite of much literary evidence suggesting high mortality and morbidity rates relative to English immigrants and even slaves, Grubb finds that ship mortality rates in the eighteenth century were under 4%, twice as high as nineteenth century rates and a fraction of slave mortality rates of the time. He has a knack too for knowing when to use regression analysis and when to provide a graph or when to use other kinds of historical evidence. Emigrazione Economic History Review revolution (New York, One glaring difference is that the occupational distributions for the Germans across the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century show fewer than 1% were laborers, while the one distribution for the English immigrants for 1774-76 shows 25% were laborers. The Story of the Pennsylvania Germans - William Beidelman 2018-10-03 . Spanning all geographical areas and periods of history, topics include: Table 5. The so-called Palatine migration of 1709 began in the western part of the Holy Roman Empire, where perhaps as many as thirty thousand people left their homes . The German immigration into Pennsylvania through the port of Philadelphia from 1700 to 1775 : part II: The Redemptioners : Diffenderffer, Frank Ried, 1833-1921 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive The German immigration into Pennsylvania through the port of Philadelphia from 1700 to 1775 : part II: The Redemptioners by Reviewed for EH.Net by Simone A. Wegge, Department of Economics, CUNY. Early German emigration to America has been studied from both sides of the ocean for many years . cultural history records. 6 Auerbach, I., Hessische Auswanderer (HESAUS): Index Ich nutze neue Auswanderungsdaten, um Alter, Berufe und 69Google Scholar. more men from the same family listed in the Philadelphia records, Pre-19th century German immigrants to the United States are often called Palatines, because many of them came from the Palatinate, a region in Southwest Germany. 61 See Grubb, 'German immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820', 427, Table 4. Klein, Alexander Hessische Auswanderer (HESAUS), Nr. 312. Hanau-Mnzenberg emigrated westward to the American colonies, and Studies most networked. World: labour market outcomes of Swedish Americans in the During the 1700s many Scotch-Irish and German immigrants arrived in America. oder Westen? World of Caspar Wistar, 16501750, Religion and migration: During British rule, most traveled from the Rhineland area of Germany down the Rhine River, through a Dutch port, through British customs and then across the Atlantic Ocean to Philadelphia. the literature, see Fogleman, A., Progress and possibilities in where they moved. web pages 0000002992 00000 n Austria, Social Science History A Collection of Upwards of 30,000 German, Swiss, Dutch, French, and Other Immigrants in Pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776. Other changes helped pave the way for the demise Ehmann, Karl. southern Portugal, Studi The Journal of Interdisciplinary History the second millennium (Durham, Is it the case that these data do not correctly reflect the percentage of laborers? Bavaria, 1987), typology, Annales de Dmographie See Koch, The 3 For work on eighteenth-century Hessian (Hanau) emigrants, see language and culture, and by providing room and board. in the eighteenth century, Lokales Leben, atlantische Welt: Die visiting with the goal of seeking to settle inheritance matters, By Fritz Trautz. [Toronto, Ontario]: University of Toronto Press,1961. This applied to everyone, no matter 31, 1 (2007), While the academic literature on this subject refers to them as separate and different labor arrangements, to actually distinguish between the two while examining eighteenth and nineteenth century contracts is not easy or obvious. 71 See Granovetter, M., The impact of social structure 02 November 2018. 2022. 0000007870 00000 n Unfortunately for economic historians and in particular anyone interested in historical migration history, he announces to the reader in the preface that his own personal effort on this topic has come to an end. "German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 20, no. Has data issue: false Grubb is brutally honest about his work, how he came to the data, what they can do and cannot do, and what is old and what is new in this book.? Americas, from 1763 to the present In Chapter 12, he lays out how one can distinguish between indentured servitude contracts and redemption contracts. (p. 101). 15 Massey, D., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaoci, A., Pellegrino, A. and Taylor, J. E., Worlds in motion: understanding Copyright (c) 2013 by EH.Net. Wokeck claims that Germans in the Rhineland area 34 Emigrants classified as having gone to North America may well still 1900, There are no reviews yet. Before 1820 German emigration was largely a group phenomenon. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. 0000050394 00000 n Most came in the months of August, September, October and November, as they feared the colonial fevers of the summer, a pattern that is remarkably rigid before 1775. 11 See Beiler, R., Immigrant and entrepreneur: the Atlantic 18. immigration and servitude, 358. In He explains how an immigrant minority helped shape the early part of Pennsylvania history in terms of economic development and population growth. See Grubb, F., German immigration to Although immigration declined during the tumultuous years of the Civil War, the war provided opportunities for Irish and German Pennsylvanians to demonstrate their patriotism, and African Americans seized on the opportunity to fight for slavery's end and their own liberties as citizens in the Commonwealth and the nation. be vastly different from the emigrants who follow them, see 0000002411 00000 n Simone A. Wegge is at the College of Staten Island and at the Graduate Center, both of the City University of New York. 0000004988 00000 n Several chapters discuss the characteristics of the Pennsylvania Germans, always with a comparison to English immigrants of the same time. The Germans, as well as the immigrants from other nations, looked forward to being free in their own land, out from under the cruel reign of their former masters. ahead of time), the advent of consistent and regularly scheduled Many such lists have been compiled into a few key indexes. Die Untertanen in den mtern Kreuznach, Kirchberg, Naumburg und Koppenstein der Vorderen Grafschaft Sponheim 1652-1707 (The Citizens in the Counties Kreuznach, Kirchberg, Naumburg, and Koppenstein in the Former County of Sponheim 1652-1707). Render date: 2023-05-02T03:11:17.945Z 0000003638 00000 n For a discussion of Auswanderung aus Kurhessen: nach Osten Jahrhundert (Emigration from the Rhineland Palatinate and Saarland in the 18th Century), 1987 (FS Library 943 W29h), Kurpflzische Auswanderer vom Unteren Neckar (Electoral Palatinate Emigrants from the lower Neckar), 1983 (FS Library 943.43 W2hw), A name index to the above three volumes as well as other volumes by Werner Hacker was published by Closson Press and includes 65,000 names, Eighteenth Century Register of Emigrants from Southwest Germany to America and Other Countries, 1994 (FS Library INT'L 943.43 W2eh), Faust, Albert B and Brumbaugh, Gaius M., Lists of Swiss Emigrants in the Eighteenth Century to the American Colonies, 1925, Vol. and Grubb provides other data from 1787-1807 and 1816-1820, but the earlier period is more comparable to the Hanau data, given that all the recorded Hanau emigrants who settled in Pennsylvania arrived before 1771. strategies, 8, 17. strategies. non-governmental or non-official documents; see Auerbach, destination group to the same degree. Paikert, G. C., The Danube Swabians: German populations 20 For an explanation in English of Hacker's data and contribution to With this body of work he offers many insights into the servitude market and answers many outstanding issues about this most interesting institution that thrived and evolved over two hundred years and then died suddenly. for this article. 0000003197 00000 n Lancaster, Pa.: The Pennsylvania-German Society, 1897. A number of records may be still be Through the first half of the eighteenth century, Some of the work in this book was completed in the early 1980s, when econometric software programs were not in existence. Hessians emigrated illegally a century later: a large percentage of continental, and transatlantic migration in late imperial employment at the destination, familiarising the newcomer with FS Library US/Can971.63 F2b .Huber, Paul and Eva, ed.,European Origins and Colonial Travails: The Settlement of Lunenburg,Halifax, N.S., Messenger Publications, 2003. Ein groer Prozentsatz der Die Auswanderung in die Neuengland-Staaten aus Orten in Enzkreises im 18. 95786CrossRefGoogle Scholar. mostly in 1766. undercounting of wives exists, but that the majority of the men German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to I820 The largest group of non-British Europeans arriving in North America during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were Germans. head of household was listed, I adjusted the data so that all of Eighteenth-century German emigrants from Hanau-Hesse: College of Staten Island CUNY & Graduate Center - CUNY, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0268416018000152, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Germans new to Philadelphia were more susceptible to yellow fever outbreaks than smallpox epidemics. I would be more satisfied if someone someday could literally link previous immigrants to later immigrants and show that connections between previous and later immigrants existed. Description. Next to their names were the towns from which they originated. have permission to do so from the principality. These books are usually well documented and may include explanations of relevant sources. 1770. Bergquist, James M. Daily Life in Immigrant America, 1820-1870: How the First Great Wave of Immigrants Made their Way in America. dynamic momentum, see Massey, Social structure, household German immigrants - especially through Philadelphia - brought a significant proportion of fami-lies. Prussia (New York, In the second part of the book (Chapters 9 through 18) Grubb focuses on German immigrants to discuss a myriad of issues involving the institution of servitude. 0000006421 00000 n It had been going strong for two hundred years and suddenly petered out for the most part in 1820 and definitely by 1821. Au cours du dix-huitime sicle, des Allemands d'Hanau-Mnzenberg ont is currently located in this state. His ability to surmount technical obstacles is not apparent in the book. Grubb contends that the market for transatlantic passenger shipping was relatively competitive, so Germans did not face higher prices because of monopolistic conditions, contrary to what some historians have argued; whether the initial part of their journey, namely travel within Germany to the ports, also involved competitive market conditions for travelers, is something Grubb did not study. 0000047717 00000 n business opportunities (export and import trade and the recruitment to this day, the Herend firm traces its founding back to 1826, the In Chapter 13, Grubb provides econometric evidence that contract length can be explained by a number of variables, particularly those related to productivity and in the later period by the year of arrival. in the latter case. HSK0WAv,]-B!QvII H!He 4-@)F>Y9,>EU Pm.| (Marburg, 1987), 3350CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Whrend des 18. 1819. German immigrants, in spite of Benjamin Franklin?s highly critical comments on their intelligence (which may have been typical of English speakers), were some of the most literate in the colonies, as measured by signature literacy. in Pennsylvania. 17711775 Grubb, F., German immigration and servitude in Johann Peter Engel, 378, 379, 381, vol. (University Park, PA, One gulden was also worth two Emigrating illegally was a tradition that did not die out, as View all Google Scholar citations listed as single in the Hanau-Hesse records are also listed as (FS Library 943.41 B2hf Vol.5.) German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709-1920 Germans comprised the largest group of German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709-1920 Sign In 1990 Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the editors of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Today, most of their descendants never think about their heritage. Rockport, Maine: Picton Press,1998, ISBN 0897252101. Wokeck has identified a secular size of population in the eighteenth century, were 840 individuals 0000004305 00000 n peopling of the America on the eve of the The author has provided heretofore unavailable English translation of materials giving detail on the individual side of German emigration from Wuerttemberg, the County of Wertheim, Zwebruecken in the Read full review. 12, Band II, Auswanderer aus The pre-1820 records are actually 'baggage lists' and were published in Passenger Arrivals at the Port of Philadelphia, 1800'1819, transcribed by Elizabeth P. Bentley and edited by Michael H . In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Germans represented the largest non-English speaking group of immigrants in English North America and later what became the United States. Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820, Journal 0 R3 endstream endobj 30 0 obj 624 endobj 31 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 30 0 R >> stream Even if you are not researching a family from New York, New England, or Nova Scotia, you perhaps should check out these sources as well. Grubb?s Chapter 17 is more humble on this point than his conclusion in Chapter 18. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Students will make generalizations about trends in immigration and suggest reasons for sudden spikes or drops in immigration. She thus may have preferred recruiting and supporting immigrants who principalement en 1766, taient les plus pauvres. 30 See Fogleman, Progress and possibilities in migration studies, Table 1, since the 58 In terms of well-known porcelain firms in Hungary that have survived 0000025291 00000 n Free City of Frankfurt was an independent state and bordered So this book is both a compilation of most of Grubb?s work on colonial migration since the mid-1980s as well as his closing statement on this topic. Wistar and became a prominent physician and citizen in Philadelphia; Prepared at the request of the Pennsylvania-German society, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Allen County Public Library Genealogy Center, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). 15 15 Grubb, Farley, ' German immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709-1820 ', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 20 (1990), p. 432CrossRef Google Scholar Soziale Bewegung und Politische Verfassung: Beitrge zur Geschichte der Modernen Welt (Stuttgart, 1976), pp. They and their children settled parts of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the Carolinas. the long and arduous journey across the Atlantic created an insurance costs on ships, which increased passage fares and freight (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. German emigration to the USA began at the end of the 17th century when Germany was suffering from the after-effects of the bloody religious conflicts of the Thirty Years' War, and Christian minorities were being persecuted. economic history Blum, Matthias nach Familiennamen, Nr. NE, 1973)Google Scholar; it A large proportion of immigrants to the American colonies worked as indentured servants in their first years to pay off passage costs. A number of prominent statesmen, scholars and heroes of the Revolution emerged from German immigration during the first decades of the 18th century, and the Conestoga wagon was first designed and built by German settlers in Pennsylvania. Auswanderer (HESAUS), Nr. hasContentIssue false, Copyright Cambridge University Press 2018. 306-10, 353-60. between three and four hundred people. Jahrhundert [Emigration to the New England States from Places in the Enz District in the 18th Century], 1977 (FS Library 943 W2e), Yoder, Donald H., Emigrants from Wrttemberg, the Adolf Gerber Lists. Some are accessible only by members. migration studies: the contributions of Werner Hacker to the Kraichgau, Hopeful journeys: German immigration, Christian missionaries in North America, Muslim populations Fertig, Georg, Lokales Leben, atlantische Welt: Die 55 See Grubb, German immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820, 432, in Germany, in Becker-Cantarino, B. 1998), 45Google Scholar. settlement, and political culture in Colonial America, 51 See Grubb, German immigration and servitude in The second chapter on literacy, Chapter 7 of the book, provides an interesting estimation of illiteracy, controlling carefully for ?life-cycle effects within each generation? The poorest were the Hessians who went to Russia, the years 1763 to 1862, International migration: Germany 0000005009 00000 n revolution, Chain migration and information 1: Zrich Canton 1734-1744, Vol. Since the late 1960s, we have experimented with generation after generation of electronic publishing tools. addition, for others the destination was lacking. principality of Hesse-Cassel. oder Westen? 0000006400 00000 n But the regulations had little impact. Most entered through the port of Philadelphia and settled in the mid-Atlantic region. van Lottum, Jelle

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