kamikaze language techniques

chattered and laughed. We would like to extend this further, in that students should be aware of the consequences of divorcing visuals from their context by including important images as appendices rather than integrating them within the text. 8 but I am branded by an impression of sunlight. Power and Conflict: 'Kamikaze'. Copyright Sandbox Learning Limited. The early placement of this claim suggests it is foundational for the overall rhetorical effect of reinforcing of the missions inevitable conclusionthe desired state of death. Results: We explore different complementary and dynamic rhetorical aspects of the texts, such as their approach to their respective audiences, the recurring subjects of remorse and questioning orders, the normalization of the suicidal act, the need for mental toughness in the pilots, the recurring use of the imperative mood, and the dehumanizing role of images. Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland lesson, a part of the Power and Conflict anthology. Rhyme 10. You feel that the speed has increased by a few thousand-fold. docx, 36.18 KB. The same goes for Formationsthere is no humanistic content, only triangles and lines. adjective. The expected result by crashing into the enemys ship is quite distant from killing yourself and as many American sailors as possible by flying your plane into a deliberate suicide attack. There is never any question about whether or not the attacks are unusual; they are presented as ordinary wartime maneuvers. Kamikaze: Japans suicide gods. The theme of memory can also be explored in Poppies and the theme of the power of nature can be found in Ozymandias and Storm on the Island. He set out on his suicide mission one sunrise. A nation challenged: Notes found after the hijackings. Genre as social action. Still, the references to mental strength or will are a failsafe, in that the Togo high-level commander needed to monitor the pilots for potential lapses in willpower. The typical Togo pilot was young, well educated, inexperienced at piloting, and outwardly motivated. Negative verdicts of military discourse include sexism in a U.S. vehicle maintenance manual (Bernhardt, 1992), communicative incompetence by a Civil War general (Loges, 1995), dangerous negligence to a nearby civilian community by a U.S. facility (Dragga & Gong, 2014), and inconsistency to the long-term detriment of soldier health in medical discourse (Lindsey, 2015). There has been extensive exploration of motivational content (Loorbach et al., 2013; Loorbach et al., 2007; Loorbach et al., 2006); as well as instructional design, namely system states, streamlined-step and step-rich procedures (Farkas, 1999; Gellevvij & van der Meij, 2004); the use of prominent headings, multimodal qualities, and organizational strategies (Ganier, 2004); and the importance of genre (Miller, 1984), but none of this research examines any instructional tasks remotely as serious and extreme as wartime suicide attacks. Even with this focus on the officer in command, Manual 1 still falls safely within the states model of procedural discourse described by Farkas (1999) as it often, deliberately or not, blends the pilots roles with those of the officers. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 35(4), 217221. De Velasco, J. . The fathers voice is never actually heard in the poem. A sampling follows: (30) In the case of surprise attack, a very low altitude horizontal attack is to be [made] when the height of clouds is low, at night, at dawn, at dusk, or when using airplane types such as airplane 67 or airplane 45, etc., and in responding to the conditions at the time, [the troop] is to do a dive or a horizontal crash. In this worksheet, students will analyse the language devices used in the poem 'Kamikaze' by Beatrice Garland. These two words in the span of Sections 3 and 4 suggest, then, the document has some ethical seams. We have leads on other such manuals in existence, but these two examples suffice to demonstrate the genre and open the door to further exploration. The moment of impact and death is described in imaginative, lurid detail. There are four images within Manual 1, which we will refer to as Dive, Formations, Attack Assignments, and Dive II, labeled as images 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. The design of sexism: The case of an army maintenance manual. Loges, M. (1995). meaning. The way the content is organized. Even so, each airplane needs to calmly proceed with a deadly attack with a burning determination to sink the target, and to accomplish the assignment to completion. Any defection would have led, of course, to immediate execution, and the pilots, as we will discuss later, were naturally racked with fear and doubt even as they followed orders. Rather than simply an indication of Japanese culture, the sword is identified with the samurai, the ancient warriors of Japan known for their code of honour (bushido). Simple sentences 11. This complex task was chiefly undertaken by one of the authors who is a native Japanese speaker; her credentials also include a Ph.D. in literacy, culture, and language education and experience teaching multiple levels of Japanese. The paper is inexpensive and it could be easily replaced if damaged, destroyed, or lost. The words spoken in the later stanzas are the daughters imaginings of what her father saw and thought (half way there, she thought) rather than the pilots own. Author. Get started for free to track progress, measure results and access thousands of educational activities in English, maths and science. A set of activities to work through to explore the poem Kamikaze. Miller, C. (1984). Exposure is full of powerful images that evoke strong feelings of helplessness, danger and tedium. Technical Communication, 50, 6182. The poetic lines stuck with her and she says sometimes they were like sweets, something that could be saved up and enjoyed for their marvellous taste.. ), Teaching and training for global engineering: Perspectives on culture and professional communication practices (pp. The manuals aim to shut down doubts not only in the officers mind but in his subordinate pilots as well. Things made by words: Reflections on textual criticism. Unlike Manual 1, the excerpts border on the poetic: . (7) . We build confidence and attainment by personalising each childs learning at a level that suits them. Teaching the ethics of intercultural communication. Through the pictures taken by the photographer, the poet presents how shocking the effect of war is. (including. Indeed, the pilots wife never spoke again in his presence and the children eventually learned to be silent. Worksheet. thought the poem there are repeated referances to family. If you want to see what we offer first,sign up for a free Twinkl account hereand take a look aroundat our free resources. However, we found Farkass (1999) terminology particularly useful for our analysis: specifically, the four system states; desired, prerequisite, interim, and unwanted; allowed us to describe the subgoals of the authors of the manuals, and step-rich is a good description of both manuals as a whole in that they are more loosely constructed than the streamlined-step approach (p. 44). docx, 46.37 KB. The ethic of expediency: Classical rhetoric, technology, and the holocaust. Imperative 4. Katzs (1992) analysis of a 1942 German technical memo that detailed how best to redesign trucks used for gassing Jews and undesirables to be more efficient is a good reference point. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1725 titles we cover. We hope you've enjoyed trying some of our activities. The essay also focuses on bushido (which originated with the samurai warriors). While this is a high-level (for officers) manual, there are some vivid instructions for pilots such as this one. The entire country, in effect, was operating under this code by that timea code punishable by execution and implied consequences for the family of the disobeyer. A bargain and a time-saver all in one! It gathers to a greatness, like the ooze of oil Crushed, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. pptx, 733.76 KB. Line-by-Line Analysis Beatrice Garland - Beatrice Garland is an English poet that won War II with a surprise attack on Pearl Harbour (a the 2001 National Poetry Prize for her poem 'Undressing.' She wrote no poetry for some time after, instead focusing her By Naoko Ozaki, Jillian Hill, and Mike Duncan. Images and encouraging language can be helpful, certainly, but they also ethically enable. Descent into Hell: The Battle of Okinawa. However, the Togo pilots, immersed in bushido culture and wishing to defend their homeland from direct, devastating military attack (or, hopefully, to force the US to sue for peace), operated well within the expectations of wartime behavior by attacking warships and other military targets. Curriculum subtopic: Sato, H. (2007, Oct. 29). This signals the continuation of the samurai tradition through the actions of the kamikaze pilots. Technical Communication, 61(2), 7694. If it is inevitable and they become separated, the Togo troop commander needs to quickly [ishi o motte] (own a clear will) and continue moving forward. Other military discourse studies roughly parallel to ours suggest, curiously, that there are many important artifacts to be explored in military documents, but none of them ever reflect well on the military. Katz, S. B. Conscientious objectors did not exist. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 25(3), 261273. Near the beginning, in passage 3, there is an admonition that introduces a recurring element of remorse and questioning: (3) The true purpose of Togo troop is to go over and beyond life-and-death, and to exert completely the unique battle power with mentality of truly [ikan-naku] (completely, without remorse) and risk their own lives and excellent battle skills, and to [bakushin shoototsu] (dash and crash) into the enemys moving or stationed ships, invariably sink them, and then to destroy the enemys plan so that doing so opens up the paths to success for all of the [Japanese] military. Assonance 3. However, it is decided for me that I die for the emperor (p. 11). This is where Manual 2 comes in with its dual mental/spiritual advice, deviating from mechanistic technique to offer emotional comfort. The pilot has a shaven head which is full of powerful incantations, both images more indicative of Buddhist or Shinto monks and priests than soldiers and pilots. Flammia, M., & Voss, D. (2007). Power and Conflict: 'Kamikaze'. Wiley. Textual criticism: The legacy of G.P. After having prepared themselves to die, they fail to find their target, reaching an unwanted state, and instead return to base. In this worksheet, students will identify the language techniques used in both 'Kamikaze' and 'Poppies' and explain their effect on the reader. Each, along with the imperative text, contributes to an abstracted, clinical perspective that dehumanizes and renders abstract the horrific act of these pilots suicides. It is important to reiterate here, especially in a 21st century age of peacetime terrorism, that the Togo attacks were expressly directed toward military targets. Without questioning, of course, presupposes the idea of questioning, another unwanted state. A fascinating essay that looks into the Japanese attitude towards shame and honor. theme. Pilots would not see this manual in normal conditions, though it is quite possible some of it was used verbatim as teaching material. The typical Togo pilot was from the upper ranks of university students in intelligence, sensitivity, and culture and most were volunteers. Technical Communication, 54(3), 343358. . The poem presents itself as a first-person account of an migre's relationship with her homeland. . These are not objective instructions but rhetorical acts, and the extreme nature of the intended desired state make them excellent examples of such acts for pedagogy when demonstrating the wide range of the manual genre for students and instructors. Shimpo, R., Masahide, O., Ealey, M., and McLauchlan, A. 164 Cards - 15 Decks - With Japans bushido code of no surrender for its soldiers (and civilians), coupled with American determination to end the war, an American invasion of Japan likely would have meant millions of deaths, given the determination by which the Japanese had defended small volcanic islands like Iwo Jima in February and March of 1945. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. As such, Manual 2 seems aware of the need to bridge across an interim state of confidence. The poem Kamikaze deals with elements of Japanese culture and the militarily sanctioned suicides of Japanese pilots during the Second World War. Moran, M. (2002). Her email address is hillj@uhd.edu. Best practice in image placement suggests that images are most effective when integrated in close proximity to the directive they illustrate. Baer, G. W. (1996). His email address is duncanm@uhd.edu. ), Rethinking rhetorical theory, criticism, and pedagogy (pp. These three modes of communication; the mental/spiritual, the technical, and the vivid; blend together here to create compelling content. The word. kamikaze language techniques religious interview questions and answers sharleen spiteri ashley heath . 291305). pptx, 673.72 KB. Few extant studies on military technical communication seem to fit our task. This is not to say that we, the authors, think their actions were reasonable and rational, but rather, the pilots and commanders thought so, and manuals like this one provided an inevitable procedure to fall back upon in moments of doubt. Buy my revision guides in paperback on Amazon*:Power and Conflict poetry guide (ebook) https://bit.ly/2PS8bw6 Mr Bruff's Guide to GCSE English Language ht. The poem is structured as a series of eight stanzas of five lines. There is no improvising or mental meandering to be done during a suicide attack, save rote airspeed and altitude correction. Together, these two manuals offer an important ethics lesson for 21st century manual writers. Although the guard force and Togo troop often become separated if the battle begins in the air, it is necessary for the direct guard force to avoid being separated from Togo troop. Personification 13. This poem tells the story of akamikaze pilot who, unlike many of his comrades,turns back from his target and returns home. A modern poem that offers an alternative interpretation of bravery in conflict: it does not focus on a soldier in battle but on the mother who is left behind and must cope with his death. The pilots were expected to fly their plane directly into warships, causing maximum damage. The emphasis on mental power and will is telling; we would not see this in a pilots manual that did not assume the pilot was going to die. As technical communication professors, we first became interested in analyzing these manuals as particularly extreme examples of the genre that test the boundaries of what can be considered technical instruction. Any other use is strictly forbidden. This makes us feel a part of the pilots daughters reminiscences as she explains to her own children what her father must have felt like as he progressed on his suicide mission. Yes, please keep me updated on EdPlace's news, advice and offers (subject to EdPlace's, Winner - Best for Home Learning / Parents. Indeed, many U.S. military manuals in use emphasize multiple survival techniques, but there is no such expectation here for Togo pilots, save in circumstances when the target ship or ships cannot be found, in which case the pilot was expected to return, and fly and die another day. The words are listed in the order in which they appear in the poem. He was a kamikaze pilot during the Second World War, fighting for the Japanese. Part of Sandbox Learning Limited. The words are spoken with wonder however. (GCSE 1hr PP with differentiated tasks, New Spec) In a similar vein, Miller (1989) argues that professional communication is a matter of arguing toward the good of the community rather of constructing texts, but for the good of which community (p. 23)? As such, the larger organizational strategy, or any graphics, are unavailable. Horne, A. The aircraft were often modified to hold explosives and bombs, carrying only enough fuel to reach their target. However, from everything about the Togo pilots that we have read and discerned, there does not seem to have been a practically significant morale problem among the pilots in that none are recorded to have backed out. We surmise that Togo squadrons had some version of both Manual 1 and Manual 2, then, to reinforce this dual argumentative strategy. To further support the desired state, Manual 1 consistently strives to normalize its intended task of suicide attacks: (26) Although it varies depending on the condition, particularly the airplane types, weather conditions, etc., charging is [done] by a steep descent or extremely low-altitude flight. 3 for it seems I never saw it in that November. (2016). GCSE Subjects GCSE Subjects Art and Design Biology (Single Science) Business Chemistry (Single Science) Combined Science Computer Science Design and Technology Digital Technology (CCEA) Drama. 241260). We agree with this charge but caution that the historical, cultural, and wartime contexts of these two manuals renders retroactively judging them by such an ethical standard problematic. It could be a way for the writer to emphasize the difficulty of what he is asking of the pilots and their commander, but, given the language in the rest of the manual, this would be an exception to the typical authoritative distance, which is chiefly created by tone. Patriotism, high at the beginning of training, dwindled (p. 6), and as one doomed pilot wrote in his diary three months before his final mission, To be honest, I cannot say that the wish to die for the emperor is genuine, coming from my heart. This will also enable you to concentrate your attention on eradicating the enemy with unwavering determination, meanwhile reinforcing your excellence in flight skills. The word safe is repeated across two stanzas, perhaps reflecting the pilots desire for safety himself. Or, more pressing for technical communicators, is writing such a manual at all ethical? She never lost her love of poetry however and began to join poetry classes and workshops. Some may have flown but deliberately missed their targets, perhaps, but the existent diaries and letters cannot testify to the final flights. Japanese commanders did not know the atomic bomb that would destroy Hiroshima and Nagasaki was coming, so they were facing, in their minds, a near-certain conventional invasion. The Togo pilots seem to have believed, at least tentatively, that their guaranteed deaths had some small chance of preventing this defeat from happening; therefore, the only logical and ethical thing to do with a life already marked for death was to commit themselves and their planes to those deaths to avert national defeat. We conclude that certain pilot mortality affects the instructional form, the language reinforces the inevitability of the suicidal act, the images included dehumanize the act further, and the manuals seem created to address potential disciplinary issues. Also, in February 1944, General Hideki Tojo, prime minister and head of the military, issued an emergency declaration, where he essentially stated that all of Japan had to be prepared to die, using the phrase ichioku gyokusai, 100 million shattering like a jewel (Sato, 2017). A total of 49 steps are articulated in Chapters 1 and 2. Although his decision was made because of a deep desire to remain with his young family, the result was not that of a happy family unit. Included is a comparative activity linked to English Language Paper 2. In the battle for the Philippines, approximately 500 pilots were lost in suicide attacks (Correll, 2015). . Kamikaze by Beatrice Garland A poem about a kamikaze pilot who returns home and faces rejection. The very act of questioning gets in the way of following orders and is to be avoided. We placed a special emphasis when collaborating on what rhetorician Michael Leff has called the effort to interpret the intentional dynamics of a text (Things, 1992, p. 223) with the goal of producing an account of the rhetorical dynamics implicit within it [the text] (Legacy, 1986, p. 378). (2016). Even if the officer disregards the manual entirely, its directives remain. Manual 1 is clearly a procedural document, given it is prefaced with an overview, includes step-rich sequential directives, integrates multiple headings throughout, and features multiple images. 2 but my memory of it is sunlight-clear. 2. an airplane used for this purpose. Their attacks were unorthodox, but the equal of suicidal attacks has happened in wars throughout history. However, at least according to paragraph 36, only one plane was to attack each target, so it is possible that a given Togo pilot would not be able to glance at an allys plane for reassurance before the final approach. Download. Naoko Ozaki teaches Japanese at Rice University in Houston, Texas. You should always refer to your own text when working through these examples. "Kamikaze" is a poem that describes the actions and mindset of the Japanese kamikaze pilots during World War II.

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