characteristics of bantu languages pdf

Sands, B. In both languages the oral stop duration in voiced prenasalised stops is very short, so the total segment duration is not so very different from that of a simple nasal. M.-L. Certain more complex patterns, such as those noted by Hombert (1990) in Fang A75, and by Roux (1995) in Xhosa S41, may require a more elaborate model. M. N. F. (1932) Outlines of a Tswa Grammar with Practical Exercises. Borland, C. H. Washington, DC: Georgetown University, PhD dissertation. E. Figure 3.21 Acoustic evidence for tongue root retraction of vowels in several Bantu languages has been provided by Starwalt (2008). (eds. & Hinnebusch The ATR/RTR contrast in Nande JD42 is also suggested by the harmonic behaviour and acoustic characteristics of vowels. (1992) tude du systeme vocalique fang par rsonance magntique. Shosted, R. K. The separate South-East and South-West groups of Bantu languages with clicks can be seen in the map of Southern Africa in ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 393434. Figure 3.29 In addition, there may be retraction of the tongue tip, dorsum or tongue root for some clicks (Miller 2008, Miller & Finch 2011). E. & (1891) Introductory Grammar of the Ngoni (Zulu) Language, as Spoken in Momberas Country. Berkeley: University of California, PhD dissertation. . In The examples cited during this study are taken from the selected languages shown in the following list. Rodekuhr M. Proctor, M. Voiced stops tend to be made with a downward movement of the larynx, presumably to help sustain voicing (Monaka 2001). K. Although its true that many languages within the Bantu group are phonetically quite similar to each other, there is considerably more diversity in their phonetic patterns than is often believed. Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. Roux The word list available for measurement included a more balanced sample of front than of back vowels, and the back vowels are probably in reality more separated than this plot indicates. Informa UK Limited, an Informa Group Company Home | About RHO | Collections Lyon: Universit Lumire-Lyon2, PhD. One language is used as the type for each group, for the purpose of . (1980) The Depression Feature in Nguni Languages and Its Interaction with Tone. Each point represents the mean of 20 or 30 measurements on minimal sets of words differing only in the penultimate vowel, spoken by a male speaker. is a very weak click, as indicated by the extended IPA (extIPA) diacritic for a weak articulation, e.g., [], which is similar to the diacritic for an unreleased stop e.g., (c), but placed under the consonant rather than after it. (2016a) Intonation in African Tone Languages. 1951. Lyon: Universit Lyon 2, thse de doctorat. Mickey Figure 3.24 . Clicks have also been reported to occur in Chopi S61 (Bailey 1995) and in the Mzimba variety of Tumbuka N21 (Moyo 1995). Kgler I must now turn to a more detailed consideration of one Greenberg's language families and the word-lists which appear to be basic evidence. Coetzee, A. W. B. (1990) The Role of Contrast in Limiting Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Different Languages. ), Oxford Handbook of Information Structure, 790813. (1998) The Phonetic Nature of voiceless Nasals in Pokomo: Implications for Sound Change. Electropalatography (EPG) of Mvita Swahili G42b shows that implosive // has a more retracted occlusion than pulmonic /t/ and // has a shorter occlusion than /t/ (Hayward et al. ), Selected Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 8289. The bilabial click // is not found in Bantu except in paralinguistic utterances, and as a variant pronunciation of a sequence of labial and velar stops, as in Rwanda JD61 (Demolin 2015: 483). Maputo: Instituto Nacional do Desenvolvimento de Educao. It has since sometimes come to be used for any consonant which has any local lowering effect on pitch or, more accurately, on the fundamental frequency of vocal fold vibration, abbreviated F0, such as an ordinary voiced plosive. (2010) Coproduction and Coarticulation in IsiZulu Clicks. Clicks do not occur in Venda S21 (Ziervogel et al. Definition "Bantu" means "people" in many Bantu languages. In Manyo K332, clicks are mostly dental, however, with a broad individual variation (Mhlig 1997). Linguistique africaine Los Angeles: UCLA Department of Linguistics (Available online at. (1967) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. & Unlike ordinary labialisation, which involves rounding and protrusion of the lips accompanied by a raising of the tongue back, i.e., a [w]-like articulation, this labialisation involves primarily a vertical narrowing of the lips with little or no protrusion and no accompanying tongue back raising. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The members of the high vowel pairs /i / and /u / in Vove B305 have virtually the same second formant values as each other and differ only in F1. Wissing, D. Gick, B. Although these acoustic measurements are suggestive, it should be borne in mind that inferences from simple formant measures concerning vowel articulation must be made with caution. (2002) describe it as an unreleased voiced palatal implosive [] before a voiceless stop or affricate, e.g., in [paka] moth. MRI scans indicate that this segment is appropriately viewed as a hyperarticulation of the vowel /i/. (eds. ga] dog spoken by a male speaker. & Journal of Phonetics Kawahara Verhoeven 39(2): 129161. Figure 3.30 are higher compared to In Mwiini G412, however, long vowels may surface on the penult or antepenult and only occur word-initially in loanwords (Kisseberth & Abasheikh 2004: xvii). & D. (2013), Proctor et al. Poulos, G. Some of this diversity may be disguised by the widespread use of simplifying transcriptions and orthographies which normalise away variation within and between languages or underrepresent distinctions. (2014) Evaluating Vowel Normalisation Procedures: A Case Study on Southern Sotho Vowels. Canberra: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association. The click in the second syllable has a dorsal release that is closer in time to the release of the anterior click closure. Lindberg Anecdotally, it seems that clicks in other Bantu languages may also vary in amplitude, depending on the individual speaker, stylistic or sociphonetic variables, and prosodic environment. Faytak (2014) reconstructs back vowels *u, *, *o for the Central Ring group of Grassfields Bantu languages. Brenzinger, M. K. C. Zsiga, E. C. Scott Figure 3.14 South African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Vietti & In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. (2010) Accent in African Languages. B. (1990) Ralisations tonales et contraines segmentales en fang. Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab (2006) On the Status of Voiced Stops in Tswana: Against *ND. Maputo: Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. Huffman, M. K. Downing, L. J. African Studies Mumin The relative timing and durations of velar and front closures deduced from acoustic and aerodynamic data are graphed in J. Palatogram of [ana] spoken by a Soga JE16 speaker. L. Pretoria: van Schaik. She reports that the labial closure is formed first. Kula The pharyngealised /o/ in In Nkuna S53D, Baumbach (1974) indicates that clicks are indifferently pronounced as dental or post-alveolar. Guma, S. M. 2006), as seen for the ATR /e/ and RTR /e/ vowels in parts a) and b) of Downstep affects the second of two adjacent High tones in Tswana S31 (Zerbian & Kgler 2015) and Bemba M42 (Kula & Hamann 2016). Areas north of Swati S43 and east of Ndebele S44 with grey patterns show the S10, S50 and S61 zones where clicks have been sporadically attested. Bennett, W. G. 2(4): 685729. Super-close vowels were reconstructed in order to account for the set of sound changes known as Bantu Spirantization, but recent reconstructions have abandoned this explanation (Schadeberg 1995, Bastin et al. Figure 3.23 Tonga M64 does not preserve Proto-Bantu vowel length, but has developed long vowels from intervocalic consonant loss. Figure 3.30 E. compares the pitch contours of the Swati S43 words /lhl/ aloe and /lhl/ harrow, where / / is a diacritic to mark the fact that the consonant is a depressor in the second word. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. The high vowels /i/ and/u/ are lower and more centralised than those in Xhosa S41 and Kalanga S16 and could be transcribed [] and [], respectively. & & 1981, Poulos 1990). Pakendorf, B. They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages.. Brenzinger, M. Rialland Ziervogel, D. B. F. 30: 152. & Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. Downing, L. J. Speakers wear a thin custom-made acrylic insert moulded to the shape of their upper teeth and hard palate in which a number of electrodes are embedded which sense contact between the tongue and the roof of the mouth. This would therefore be an important counter-example to the more common pattern found in labial-velar doubly articulated segments in other languages in which the labial closure is formed very slightly later (1015 ms) than the velar one. (1999a) Downdrift and Pitch Range in Chichewa Intonation. Roux It can be predicted from tongue body position: front vowels have wider pharynx than back vowels, lower vowels have narrower pharynx than higher vowels. (2005) Phonetic Analysis of Afrikaans, English, Xhosa and Zulu Using South African Speech Databases. Journal of the International Phonetic Association Downing, L. J. P. Figure 3.27 Peter Hyman Bokamba, E. G. Myers, S. 7: 270414. and Sock, R. It is also not possible to definitively state the number of Bantu languages with clicks; clicks may occur in some varieties and not others, as in the case of Fwe K402 (Pakendorf et al. Figure 3.28 Cape Town: Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society. Figure 3.6 L. (eds. (2010) Phonetically Grounded Phonology and Sound Change: The Case of Tswana Labial Plosives. This pattern may form the basis for the frequent shifting of a High tone to a later syllable. Figure 3.9 Figure 3.6 2017: 20, Gunnink forthcoming), and may have even been lost where they were once attested. Final lowering is fairly common across Bantu, but is not attested in Basaa A43a (Downing & Rialland 2016b). Namaseb Sezer 2017), but they have not been documented in Namibian or Zambian varieties (Baumbach 1997: 311, Jacottet 1896). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 2009, cited in Blench 2015). Clicks have not been reported for Manda group languages and are unlikely to occur unless efforts to revitalise Malawian Ngoni on a Zulu model prove effective (Kishindo 2002). ), Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Gunnink, H. Olson, K. S. , it can be seen that in Xhosa S41 /e o/ are located almost equidistant from the high vowels /i u/ and the low vowel /a/. , In M. Language Summary. A. In (2007) Question Prosody: An African Perspective. Schadeberg, T. C. Sande & S. J. Journal of Phonetics ), Beitrge zur 1. , Although most Bantu languages use only one coronal (typically alveolar) and one dorsal (velar) place of articulation, contrasts between dental and alveolar places are found in several languages, and contrasts between velars and uvulars are found in Kgalagari S311 (Dickens 1987, Monaka 2001, 2005). & Phonetic studies of labial consonants include the study of plain and prenasalised bilabial trills / m/ in Medumba, a Narrow Grassfields language, by Olson and Meynadier (2015). Figure 3.3 The pharyngealised vowel is longer than the plain vowel, which reflects the origin of the pharyngealisation from a reduced velar stops in C2 position in roots of the shape C1VC2V (Duke & Martin 2012: 220). (1989) The Parentage and Development of Lozi. (1996) Notes on Unencoded Speech: Clicks and Their Accompaniments in Xhosa. , Some speakers of Southern Ndebele S407 have a reduced click inventory (Schulz & Laine 2016). Ishihara T. J. J. 2(1): 5172. For this reason it is possible to examine on a general basis certain features of the class system of these languages that is involved in the use of concord. Co-occurrence restrictions of a harmonic nature between vowels, very typical of sub-Saharan African languages, are quite commonly found in Bantu languages, though often limited in extent, e.g., only applying in certain morphological contexts, such as between verb roots and extensions. (2016) Posterior Lingual Gestures and Tongue Shape in Mangetti Dune !Xung Clicks. M. In Clicks in the South-West cluster were borrowed independently from those in the South-East. (2009b) Rarefaction Gestures and Coarticulation in Mangetti Dune !Xung clicks. Berkeley Linguistics Society The Bantu Languages Print publication date: February 2019 Online publication date: January 2019 Print ISBN: 9781138799677 eBook ISBN: 9781315755946 Adobe ISBN: 10.4324/9781315755946-3 Download Chapter Abstract Chapter 3 is about the sounds of Bantu languages. Bantu languages are polysyllabic, employ class prefixes, use tone for grammati-cal rather than semantic distinctions, place the genitive after the governing noun, etc. J. D. Clark Kingston, J. Downing, L. J. Kisseberth, C. The white bow-shaped line crossing each midsagittal image is also an artifact. Africana Linguistica Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. The top and middle rows show a waveform and spectrogram, respectively. Yehia, H. C. In the case of Kalanga S16, the mid vowels /e o/ are relatively close to the high vowels /i u/ and far from /a/. Figure 3.1 Pretorius Abry , 33(4): 427446. In South-West Bantu languages, Yeyi has these three click types as well as a contrastive laminal post-alveolar type //, variously called alveolar or palatal in different sources. In the Tswa-Ronga S50 group, clicks have been reported to occur in Tswa S51, Tsonga S53, Konde S54, Nkuna S53D and Ronga S54 (Passy 1914, Persson 1932, Doke 1954, Baumbach 1974, Afido et al. This pattern is typical of that found in vowel systems where the back series is distinguished by degrees of height with no other factors being significantly involved. Whistled Fricatives in Southern Bantu. Grahamstown: Department of African Languages, Rhodes University. Figure 3.26 Vowel length contrasts occur in some Bantu languages, which may or may not be accompanied by changes in vowel quality and/or various processes of vowel lengthening (cf. (2016) Sentence Intonation in Tswana (Sotho-Tswana group). Final lowering associated with a L% boundary tone at the end of a sentence in Ngazidja G44a is often associated with a devoiced final syllable (Patin 2016). Figure 3.31 A wide range of means of marking question prosody have been noted for Bantu languages. First Published 1959. eBook Published 22 September 2017. . (1993) Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History. Leiden: Brill. (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Setswana (South African). There are different types of downstep attested in some Bantu languages. Rycroft, D. K. Kapule David Reports and Papers, 211234. Narayanan Shryock (1987) Qhalaxarzi Consonants. Traill, A. 17: 3965. Kutsch Lojenga, C. She suggests that elements like the /pk/ which evolves from earlier or underlying /pw/ are pronounced with almost fully overlapped closures and their duration is similar to that of simple /k/ and /p/ segments, i.e., they are [pk, bg]. Moshi & Language locations are estimated following Maho (2009) and Gieseke and Seifert (2007). . 71(1): 5081. (2009) On Pitch Lowering Not Linked to Voicing: Nguni and Shona Group Depressors. Dashed vertical lines mark the onset and offset of the bilabial closure. A role for vowel nasalisation in the transmission of nasal consonant harmony across intervening vowels seems likely in the history of Bantu (Greenberg 1951, Hyman 1995). 8s. (2017) Prehistoric Bantu-Khoisan Language Contact: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach. (2013) The Impact of Khoesan on Southern Bantu. In Volume 3: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. (forthcoming) Studying Clicks Using Real-Time MRI. van Schaik. 1999). In the rest of this section, three of the particular issues of phonetic interest are discussed: the dental/alveolar place contrast, the possible occurrence of articulatorily complex consonants, and the nature of the so-called whistling fricatives. Longer sections of the chapter will be devoted to aspects of laryngeal action in consonants, to the description of clicks and their distribution in Bantu, and to some of the interesting aspects of nasality which occur in these languages. Kxa, Tuu and Khoe (Khoisan) languages tend to favour uvular rather than velar constrictions (cf. Diemer . (2016) Tone and Vowel Length in Fwe (Bantu, K402). The Bantu verb consists of a root that can be accompanied by affixes with various lexical and grammatical functions. The gesture is also timed differently from ordinary labialisation in that it covers the fricative duration rather than being primarily realised as an offglide; hence whistling fricatives can themselves be labialised in their release phase. (2000) A Course in Phonetics, 4th edition. Most Bantu languages are reported as having two series of plosives, voiced and voiceless, and this follows the Proto-Bantu reconstruction of Meeussen (1967). These closely related languages have been argued to violate a constraint against voiceless stops after nasals. Focus in Bantu is often marked using morphosyntactic means rather than through the use of prosody (Downing & Hyman 2016, Downing & Rialland 2016b). (2001) Corpus Applications for the African Languages, with Special Reference to Research, Teaching, Learning, and Software. (2013) Dissimilation by Surface Correspondence in Aghem Velarized Diphthongs. , The pattern for the front vowels suggests a greater interaction of the major features of vowel height and backness with pharynx width. Production of a lateral click is illustrated in In Bantu vowel harmony constraints do not seem to be a survival of an older Benue-Congo or even Niger-Congo harmony (Stewart 2000), but to be mostly more or less local innovations with diverse patterns of implementation (Hyman 1999). ), Intonation in African Tone Languages, 321364. Leipzig: F.A. Roux, J. C. & A. Bloomington: Indiana University, PhD. Two examples from Giryama E72a are illustrated in Figure 3.18 net. Myers, S. The upper pharyngealised vowels of Kwasio A81 do not have the harsh voice quality associated with lower pharyngealised vowels, i.e., epiglottalised or aryepiglottalised vowels, as found in Tuu, Kxa and Khoe languages of southern Africa (cf. Gunnink In (eds. Philippson J. S. The equalisation of internal and external pressure at release occurs much more quickly in post-alveolar clicks than for dental and lateral clicks. Haacke, W. H. G. (2012) Acoustic Properties of Implosives in Bantu Mpiemo. /) as well as glottalised and ejected clicks (e.g., / 31: 111137. V. As (ed. (eds. This kind of display closely parallels the traditional auditorily based vowel space based on perceived height and backness values used, for example, in the IPA Handbook (1999), but has the advantage of being based on verifiable measurement. In the Bantoid language Mundabli (Voll 2012: 535), pharyngealised vowels correspond to final /k/ and // in cognates in its close relative Mufu. Proceedings of the 14th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (2016) Tone and Intonation in Chichewa and Tumbuka. Yeyi R41 has eight different accompaniments (Fulop et al. Parkinson Because the velar stop burst in the weak click [] is louder than the anterior click burst, it is perhaps not surprising that [k] has come to replace [] for some speakers. Emily . There are many dialects of Swahili (Wald et al., 2018, Walsh, 2017. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Like most linguistic maps, this map represents a somewhat fictitious ethnographic idealisation not corresponding precisely with any exact time or population distribution. (eds. Pascoe , Starwalt, C. McCormack, P. Bergen, B. K. , The contact of the front of the tongue is asymmetrical, as the side of the tongue opposite to where the release will be made is braced contra-laterally against the palate. Jessen, M. Hualde & Thomas-Vilakati confirms that the velar closure always precedes the front closure; this accounts for the fact that nasals preceding clicks assimilate in place to velar position, and corrects a misobservation by Doke (1926), who believed the front closure was formed first: the velar closure must be released after the front closure for the click mechanism to work, but it could in principle be formed later. (2015) An Acoustic Study of Luganda Liquid Allophones. There are several ways of indicating the same click following IPA principles, e.g., /, , / are equivalent ways of representing a voiced (post-)alveolar click. and In her study, F1, B1 (F1 bandwidth), center of gravity and A1-A2 (relative amplitudes of F1 and F2) help distinguish vowel pairs that differ in [ATR] value to varying degrees depending on the vowel pair and speaker. & 19(2): 113135. (1997) Aspects of Yeyi Diachronic Phonology. Tlale, O. , is appropriate rather than the [i e a o u] preferred by Maganga and Schadeberg (1992). From frame 150 through to frame 170 the contacted area moves back, so that the configuration at the moment of release is clearly post-alveolar. Faytak, M. Mhlig, W. J. G. Lovestrand, J. & Sands 28(2): 215239. In The click type refers to the location of the front closure and the manner in which it is released, which may be abrupt or affricated, central or lateral. Peak negative pressure in the three click types of Zulu S42 means for voiceless clicks in three vowel environments spoken by three speakers. Redford, M. A. ), A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World, 381427. The book discusses the phonetic and morphological characteristics of these 2 zones and a classification of the groups, clusters and dialects is provided. Boyer & Bantu is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.. G. Vossen In , T. While the deviations from the "pure" type are recognized, this typological method is the chief one utilized in untangling the complex African linguistic situation. Some North-Western Bantu languages which have stem-initial accent, such as Eton A71, have a focus prosody that causes the lengthening of stem-initial consonants and vowels (Van de Velde & Idiatov 2016). A. Naidoo 2007), which is auditorily reminiscent of a lateral click. In the South-East, the core is formed by the languages of the Nguni group (S40), especially Xhosa S41, Zulu S42, Phuthi S404 and Zimbabwean Ndebele S44, which have between 12 and 15 click consonants; Swati S43 has fewer clicks (Doke 1954, Pakendorf et al. P. J. The ATR vowel /e/ and the RTR vowel /e/ differ both in the shape of the tongue body and in the amount of tongue root retraction, which can be estimated by the volume of tongue mass which occurs to the left of the white dotted line. Table 3.3 Map. G.-M. P. J. , Hamlaoui (2012) Introducing Kwasio Pharyngealized Vowels. 46(2): 255274. (2015) Mid Vowel Assimilation in siSwati. There is often only one contrastive liquid, i.e., /l/, // or /r/, though Chaga E60 is among those with more (Davey et al. The white horizontal lines indicate the width of the maximum constriction. Volume 4: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. Phonetica Figure 3.16 & Figure 3.21 Only a small part of this difference can be accounted for by the difference in peak pressre between the click types. Clicks are found in many words in Southern Sotho S33 (Guma 1971), but only occur in a few sound symbolic words and interjections in Northern Sotho S32 (Poulos & Louwrens 1994). Harnsberger Since a rounded lip posture can also be seen in non-whistled fricatives, such as in the sequence [usu], the labial constriction alone cannot account for the whistle-like concentration of the frication noise, but it must be due to a particular linguopalatal configuration that is yet undescribed. Demolin, D. In Zulu S42, the phonetic effects of depressor consonants on pitch differ from pitch lowering effects caused by implosive consonants (Chen & Downing 2011). Bostoen, K. I. 2010), but the increasing availability of such corpora may encourage phonetic studies of natural (unelicited) speech. Myers, S. Figure 3.1 Figure 3.1 & , These studies also address several issues in the relation between intonation and tone. (2010) A Re-evaluation of the Zulu Implosive []. Source: Image made available by Gilles-Maurice de Schryver (cf. In Note that languages of Malawi and Tanzania are not shown on the map in (2011) Interaction of Variables in the Civili Vowel Duration. . UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies & Rialland Guthrie, M. Hubbard, K. . Journal of the International Phonetic Association Hamann, S. Elmslie, W. A. Cole, J. S. Boyer, O. Ewen 1992). , (1976) Question Formation in Some Bantu Languages. M. C. Thomas-Vilakatis analysis of Zulu click types (Thomas 2000, Thomas-Vilakati 2010), combining insights from acoustic, aerodynamic and electropalatographic techniques, is Executive Director, Summer Institute of Linguistics Ltd., High Wycombe, England. , S. ), Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society van Oostendorp, M. Clicks in Bantu languages are often made with a back closure that is velar, however uvular constrictions also occur, particularly for post-alveolar [] and lateral clicks [] (Miller 2008). This illustrates one instance where the occurrence of cross-linguistically less common phonetic segments may be disguised by notational practices. 74: 1634. Harmonically related pairs are noted by the use of the same symbol with and without a -ATR diacritic. Rialland, A. E. Figure 3.32 & Miller, A. & A.-M. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Since these segments make for easy tracking of F0 through the consonant, the centring of the depression on the consonant can be most easily visualised with them. (eds. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1948. Air pressure in the oral cavity is measured in relation to the ambient atmospheric pressure in hectoPascals (hPa, equivalent to the pressure required to support 1 cm of water). (1994) A Linguistic Analysis of Northern Sotho. D. Bostoen (1990) Shona Velarization: Complex Consonants or Complex Onsets? Miller, A. ga] dog (diminutive); same speaker as in Seifert In F. In Mpiemo A86c, implosives have a slight rise in F0 before the onset of a following vowel while voiced plosives have a sharp dip in F0 (Nagano-Madsen & Thornell 2012). There are many important interactions between these three aspects of phonetic structure and some of these will be taken up at the point where it seems appropriate to do so. Brugman who has little or no knowledge of the Bantu languages with enough information to adequately understand the subsequent acquisition chapters. & Examples are given in In this language, the vowels are to a large degree placed where they might be expected, given a respect for dispersion principles. (1994) South Meets North: Ilwana=Bantu+Cushitic on Kenyas Tana River. Doke, C. M. Sanders Figure 3.11 For instance, the number of High tones which may surface in a word or a stem may be limited to one and prominent peaks tend to occur in a predictable position, often the penult (Downing 2010). In 1982, Philippson & Montlahuc 2003). is narrower than the width of the constriction of the laminal dental in 23(1): 1623. Namaseb Chichewa is a Bantu language spoken principally in the area of Africa lying in the Great Rift Valley. 133(2): 10431054. It is possible that phonetic studies of other South-West Bantu click languages will reveal additional click accompaniments. Nayak For example, in Chewa N31b, as is common cross-linguistically, the High pitch peak is realised at the end of the syllable to which it is associated (Kim 1998, Myers 1999a). Figure 3.13 I am a member of the publication's editorial board and strongly support the publication, Authored by: . Louw, J. & In Renaud, P. Thus, a click can be accompanied by simple glottal closure, by modal or breathy voicing, by open vocal folds, or by use of the ejective mechanism. . Brasington Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. African Studies Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker. ), Prosodic Categories: Production, Perception and Comprehension, 243265. A majority of Bantu languages have a tonal distinction of High and Low tones, which often may combine into contour tones. Most words in a Bantu sentence are marked by a prefix indicating the category to which the noun used as the subject of the sentence belongs, and, if there is an object, the words in that noun phrase and the verb are also marked by a prefix determined by the noun class of the object. Both surveys reveal a great deal of variety across Bantu languages. Handbook of African Languages By M. A. Bryan. G. a/. 32(1): 115. & New Haven: Yale University, PhD dissertation. The pair /u u/ where F2 is the same are thus quite likely (almost) solely different in pharynx width. Clements, G. N. 25(3): 299356. Western Bantu tradition and use the results to reflect on the nature and the characteristics of the phenomenon one calls tradition.

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